浙江宁波大榭遗址四千年前的制盐手工业:史前海岸带社群对海平面上升的适应策略  

The Salt Handicraft Industry at the Daxie Site in Ningbo,Zhejiang Province 4000 Years Ago:Adaptation Strategies of Prehistoric Coastal Communities to Sea Level Rise

作　　者：雷少 郑童童 王张华[3,4,5] 栗文静 梅术文 王结华 迈克尔·梅多斯 Lei Shao;Zheng Tongtong;Wang Zhanghua;Li Wenjing;Mei Shuwen;Wang Jiehua;Michael Meadows

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院考古文物系 [2]宁波市文化遗产管理研究院 [3]华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室 [4]复旦大学科技考古研究院 [5]南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室 [6]开普敦大学环境与地理科学系统 [7]南京大学地理与海洋科学学院 [8]浙江师范大学地理与环境科学学院

出　　处：《南方文物》2024年第1期254-267,共14页Cultural Relics in Southern China

摘　　要：海岸带社会由于其地理位置,在面对海平面上升时具有明显的脆弱性。然而,本文通过学科交叉研究,报道了位于宁波大榭岛的新石器社群,在面对海平面上升时出现的适应性策略:海盐手工业生产。通过对遗址探方地层和周边自然钻孔地层进行有孔虫与碱土金属元素分析、AMS14C和光释光测年,我们还原了大榭遗址的环境演变过程与史前社群生业模式的互动发展。在约公元前2900年,大榭遗址已转变为淡水环境的滨海平原,先民来此定居,形成以渔猎采集和制作石器为主要生计的岛屿村庄。约公元前2400年,随着相对海平面上升、海水入侵,古人营建土台,利用大榭遗址位于山麓半封闭的潮滩环境开始了海盐手工业生产。在土台的周边,堆积着大量制盐废弃物与废弃的盐泥,有孔虫组合显示这些盐泥来源于遗址周边潮滩表层,是先民有意刮取以用于制作浓缩卤水的。同时,盐泥中的有孔虫壳体内充填不定型碳酸钙,它们在海水快速蒸发时析出,说明这些盐泥在用于浓缩卤水前经历了太阳曝晒。晒盐泥这个过程使钙质析出,从而获得更高质量的食盐。良渚文化末期,大榭遗址从多种混合生业模式向专门化海盐制作的经济转型,与邻近大陆大量良渚文化遗址因海岸带水涝灾害而废弃形成了鲜明的对比。因此,大榭遗址的史前海盐手工业展示了海岸带社会可以通过主动利用地理优势与海洋资源,以在面对海平面上升的冲击时保持其社会韧性。Coastal societies are known to be vulnerable to sea-level rise.However,here we report the occurrence of salt manufacturing in the archaeological record of an island of East China that reveals an adaptation strategy by a prehistoric coastal society to sea-level rise through an interdisciplinary study of archaeology and stratigraphy.Archaeological findings and observations of marine microfossils and alkaline earth metals in sediment sequences,together with radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)dating,reveal that the site was initially occupied at ca.2900 BCE as an island village with multiple subsistence strategies including hunting,fishing,and stone-tool making associated with the formation of a freshwater dominated coastal plain.Seawater inundation induced by relative sea-level rise occurred at the site at ca.2400 BCE when Neolithic people constructed elevated mounds and developed specialized sea-salt manufacture in the sheltered tidal flat environment on the island.Evidence from the foraminiferal assemblage suggests that salty soil was scraped from the surface of the adjacent tidal flats and waste material was dumped around the artificial mounds.Micro-structures of the foraminiferal fossils further indicate that these salty soils were air-dried before brine enrichment to produce high-quality salt.Such an economic shift from multiple subsistence into specialized sea-salt manufacture on the island stands in striking contrast to the contemporaneous abandonment of numerous Liangzhu settlements on the adjacent mainland due to coastal flooding.We suggest that prehistoric sea-salt manufacture on the East China coast signifies the resilience of coastal societies in facing the challenge of sea-level rise through exploitation of geographical advantages and marine resources.

关 键 词：海洋微体古生物 碱土金属元素 盐泥 潮滩 海平面上升 海岸带社会韧性 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]