朱熹的仕途与系衔  

Zhu Xi's Official Career and Titles

作　　者：方诚峰[1] Fang Chengfeng

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院历史系,北京100084

出　　处：《国际儒学（中英文）》2024年第1期143-159,189,共18页International Studies on Confucianism

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“宋王朝形态研究”(20BZS044);“清华大学基础文科发展项目”。

摘　　要：朱熹的系衔大抵可分品位与职位两种。寄禄官是官员最基本的品位符号,朱熹从最低级的“选人”升为“京官”,最后成为较高级的“朝官”。帖职则是清望官员的标志,绍熙五年(1194)朱熹获得焕章阁待制(从四品)的职名,意味着他进入了南宋最高级的“侍从官”群体。就职位序列而言,朱熹自同安县主簿起家,在地方任过知军、知州(或兼主管安抚司公事)、提举常平,在中央仅短暂担任过武学博士、侍讲、实录院同修撰。他担任最多的是在外祠禄官,历监岳庙、主管宫观、提举宫观。祠禄官给他提供了基本的生活保障,使其得暇沉思、著书立说;路州县之任使他有机会践行治、平之术。就仕途而言,不能说朱熹是失败的。他出生以后、入仕之前就在当时社会最有势力的“官户”中生活、受教育。入仕后,就职位而言,他确实表现出了“难进易退之大节”,因为心志、疾病而不愿在官场打拼,而退的底线是祠禄官。就品位而言,求退得进是朱熹仕途的一个特点,所以最终他也进至侍从官的行列,人数仅仅几十人的侍从官正是宋代最容易被卷入政治漩涡的官僚群体。仕宦经历和系衔对于理解朱熹的思想与出处相当重要。Zhu Xi's official titles can be divided into two categories:personnel ranks and positions.The Salary Office serves as the most basic title of personnel ranks,with Zhu Xi progressing from the lowest-ranking category of“selectmen”to“capital officials”,and ultimately ascending into the higher-ranking category of“Court Officials”.The Nominal Supernumerary Appointment is a marker of a prestigious official.In 1194,Zhu Xi obtained the title of Huanzhang Pavilion Edict Attendant(rank 4b),indicating that he had become an Attendant,the highest-ranking category of officials in the Song bureaucracy.In terms of positions,Zhu Xi began his career as Recorder in Tong'an County,serving in local roles such as Prefect,Pacification Commissioner,and Tea and Salt Supervisor.At the court,he briefly held positions such as Military School Erudite,Expositor-in-waiting,and Senior Compiler of the True Records Institute.Throughout Zhu Xi life,the positions he held the longest were the local Temple Salary Offices,including Temple Overseer,Palace and Temple Manager,Palace and Temple Supervisor.The Temple Salary Offices provided him with basic livelihood security,allowing him the leisure to contemplate and write.His positions in counties,prefectures and provinces,in which he excelled,provided opportunities to put his ideas into practice.Zhu Xi was successful in his official career.He lived and received education in several official households before entering official service.He was perceived to have followed the principle of being cautious to advance and quick to retreat.Due to his aspirations and health,he was unwilling to strive for positions,and his bottom line of retreat was the local Temple Salary Offices.In terms of ranks,Zhu Xi repeatedly sought retreat but ended up being promoted.In the end,he became one of the Attendants,a top group with only a few dozen members,and was easily drawn into political turmoil.

关 键 词：朱熹 南宋 系衔 品位 职位 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K245[政治法律—中外政治制度] B244.7[历史地理—历史学]