宗教传统与历史定制:“金瓶掣签”下的噶举派活佛转世制度  

Religious Tradition and Historical Customization:The Living Buddha Reincarnation System of the Kagyupa Sect with the Golden Urn Drawing Lots

作　　者：杨志国 格桑普布 YANG Zhiguo;Gesang Purpu(Institute of Chinese Historical Geography,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433;Library of Ancient Books,Nenang Monastery,Lhasa,Tibet 851414)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史地理研究中心,上海200433 [2]西藏自治区古籍保护中心乃朗寺古籍馆,西藏拉萨851414

出　　处：《西藏大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第1期71-79,共9页Journal of Tibet University

基　　金：2020年度中国藏学研究中心重点课题“西藏文化史”阶段性成果,项目号:2020ZD001。

摘　　要：噶举派活佛转世制度发端自都松钦巴,后由噶玛拔希正式开创,并在历世噶玛巴的完善下趋于成熟,乃至向教派内外广泛推广。清廷治藏以来,通过金瓶掣签等制度将活佛转世事宜纳入国家管理体制,噶举派由此形成了规范的历史定制。清末民国时期,噶举派的转世事宜受到西藏地方势力的种种限制,民主改革以后这种局面才得以改善。文章以相关文献、档案为基础,复原了不同历史时期噶举派活佛转世制度的细则,并对其所受境遇进行讨论,认为只有在此过程中做到既尊重宗教传统又遵循历史定制,并保证中央政府的最终决策权威,教派的宗教传统和意志才能得到尊重和体现。The reincarnation system of the living Buddha of the Kagyupa Sect originated from Dusom Chenba(Dus-gsum-mkhyen-pa),and was later formally initiated by Karma Pakshi.The system has been improved by the successive Karmapas,and widely popularized both in the Kagyupa Sect and other sects.Since the Qing Dy-nasty,the central government has incorporated the reincarnation of living Buddhas into the national administra-tive system through the systems such as the Golden Urn Drawing Lots,and the Kagyupa sect has thus formed a standardized historical customization.During the absence of central authority,the reincarnation system of the Ka-gyupa sect was subject to various restrictions by local forces.This situation was only improved after the democrat-ic reform.Based on relevant documents and archives,the paper restores the detailed rules of the reincarnation system of the Kagyupa's living Buddhas in different historical periods,and discusses the circumstances.It is be-lieved that respecting religious traditions,following historical customization and ensuring the final decision-mak-ing authority of the central government are the only ways to make religious traditions and wills be respected in the process.

关 键 词：噶举派 金瓶掣签 转世制度 复原 

分 类 号：B949[哲学宗教—宗教学]