太平天国时期江南乡村民变的人员构成及权力结构分析  

An Analysis of the Personnel Composition and Power Structure of the Popular Revolts in Rural Jiangnan Areas during the Period of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

作　　者：刘晨[1] Liu Chen

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系,北京100871

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（中国近代史）》2022年第9期36-51,共16页MODERN HISTORY OF CHINA

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“清代群体性事件与官方治理研究”(20CZS038)。

摘　　要：19世纪中叶,社会动荡。在江南乡村,以抗粮抗税抗租为主要类型的民变多发频发。从19世纪40-50年代的道光咸丰时期,到60年代初太平天国统治时期,民变愈演愈烈。从人员构成上分析,与前20年间清朝统治下的同区域民变相比,太平军治下民变的领导形式、领导者和参与者的身份属性既有前朝传统的延续性,又有战时太平天国自己的特殊性。就权力结构而言,知识分子通常在民变中拥有关键性地位,农民虽构成参与主体,也是民变的基础身份,但不宜夸大农民在民变中的决定性意义。我们很难建构土地因素、人地矛盾与农民参加反抗之间直接的因果联系。通常是迫于环境和生存压力,以及接受外界利益诱导两种情形的结合促使农民广泛地参与抗争。从国家治理的角度讲,官僚集权体制下难以调解的官民矛盾,仍旧是该时期较大规模民变频生的一股重要推力。In the mid-19th century,during the social turmoil,popular revolts,mainly of the type of resistance to food,taxes and rents,were multiple and frequent in rural Jiangnan areas.From Daoguang and Xianfeng eras in the 1840s and 1850s to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the early 1860s,popular revolts intensified.In terms of the personnel composition,compared to the popular revolts in the same region under the Qing Dynasty in the previous two decades,the form of leadership and the identity attributes of leaders and participants in popular revolts under the rule of Taiping Army had both the continuity of the tradition of the previous dynasty and the particularity of the wartime the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom itself.In terms of authority structure,intellectuals were usually critical in popular revolts.Although peasants constituted the main body of participation and the basic identity of popular revolts,it is not appropriate to exaggerate the decisive significance of peasants in popular revolts.It is hard to construct a direct causal link between the land factor,the human-land conflict,and peasant participation in the revolts.It is usually a combina-tion of both environmental and existential pressures,and the acceptance of inducements from outside interests that prompted peasants to engage in widespread resistance.From the perspective of national governance,the conflicts which were difficult to reconcile between the government and the people under the centralized bureaucracy remained an important driving force behind the larger-scale popular revolts of this period.

关 键 词：民变 江南乡村 太平天国 清王朝 国家治理 

分 类 号：D691.7[政治法律—政治学] K254[政治法律—中外政治制度]