重温马克思的货币、信用与经济周期理论  

Revisiting Marx’s Theory of Money,Credit and Economic Cycle

作　　者：李秀辉 韦森[2] Li Xiuhui;Wei Sen

机构地区：[1]浙江海洋大学经济与管理学院,舟山316022 [2]复旦大学经济学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（理论经济学）》2022年第2期92-107,共16页

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“货币制度史比较研究”(18ZDA089);国家社科基金重点项目“货币与商业周期理论的起源、形成与发展”(14AZD104)。

摘　　要：自工业革命以来,世界资本主义市场经济体系不断经历了每十年左右一次的周期性经济危机,但经济周期的原因到目前为止仍众说纷绘。本文全面回顾了马克思的经济周期理论,并着重探讨了货币、信用在现代资本主义市场经济体系中的作用。在马克思看来,经济危机的根本原因在于资本主义生产方式的基本矛盾,即资本主义无限制地发展生产能力和人民大众的贫困及其有限的消费之间的矛盾。在资本主义生产方式中,企业家为了追逐超额利润以在竞争中取得优势,不断地改进生产技术,在愈来愈多的生产环节中用机器代替手工劳动,这必然要引起各个生产部门资本有机构成不断提高,从而引起社会资本的平均有机构成的提高,使平均利润率趋向下降。这个规律内部矛盾的展开所促使的许多资本主义矛盾的尖锐化,是爆发经济危机的原因。在马克思晚年的著作中,他还从货币作为价值尺度和支付手段的矛盾论述了产生周期性经济危机的原因。尽管现代资本主义市场经济的信用和信用货币不是周期性经济危机的根本原因,但是没有信用和信用货币,就不会产生商业周期。马克思反过来也看到,信用虽然加速甚至导致了经济危机的爆发,但是在经济危机之后,信用扩张也有助于经济状况的好转和经济景气的再次到来。20世纪之后,资本主义经济体系仍然不断发生周期性的经济危机,因此马克思的货币经济周期理论到今天仍然有较强的解释力。The world capitalist market economy system has experienced economic crisis about every 10 years since the industrial revolution,but the reasons for the economic cycle are still controversial.This paper comprehensively reviews Marx's theory of business cycle,and focuses on the role of money and credit in the modern capitalist market economy system.According to Marx,the root of the economic crisis lies in the basic contradiction of the capitalist mode of production,that is,the contradiction between the unlimited development of capitalist production capacity and the poverty of the masses and their limited consumption.In the capitalist mode of production,entrepreneurs constantly improve their production technology and use machines instead of manual labor in more production links in order to pursue excess profits and gain an advantage in the competition.This will inevitably lead to the continuous improvement of the organic composition of capital in various production departments,which will lead to the improvement of the average organic composition of social capital and the decline of the average profit rate.The reason for the outbreak of economic crisis is the deepening of many capitalist contradictions promoted by the internal contradictions of this law.In his later works,Marx discussed the causes of cyclical economic crisis from the contradiction between money as a measure of value and means of payment.Although the credit and credit currency of modern capitalist market economy are not the root cause of cyclical economic crisis,there will be no business cycle without credit and credit currency.On the other hand,Marx also saw that the credit accelerated and even led to the outbreak of economic crisis,and after the economic crisis,credit expansion was conducive to the improvement of economic situation and the coming of economic boom again.There have been periodic economic crises in the capitalist economic system after the 20th century,so Marx's theory of monetary economic cycle still has a certain explanatory power tod

关 键 词：经济周期 经济危机 货币 信用 

分 类 号：F091.91[经济管理—政治经济学]