美国“海洋自由”观念的欧洲源头(1643—1785)  

The European Origins of the American's Idea of Freedom of the Seas in the Eras of Colony and Revolution

作　　者：曲升 QU Sheng(School of History and Culture,Qufu Normal University,Qufu,Shandong,273165,China)

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学历史文化学院,山东曲阜273165

出　　处：《史学集刊》2024年第3期47-60,共14页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项2021年度重大招标项目“中国与现代太平洋世界关系研究(1500—1900)”(LSYZD21015);国家社会科学基金重大项目“近代列强南海政策与中国海洋权益维护研究(1840—1949)”(2022&ZD232);国家社会科学基金项目“美国与世界海洋自由历史进程研究”(15BSS019)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：作为美国外交政策原则的重要组成部分,“海洋自由”观念并非完全由美国人“原创”,而是有着深刻的欧洲理论源头和国家实践印记。在革命年代,美国开国先辈在设计国家外交政策的过程中,基于中立国国家角色定位,“舶来”了欧洲的“自由船所载货物自由”原则,主要体现在“1776年条约计划”中。而在争取加入1780年“武装中立”联盟,以及与欧洲国家的谈判中,富兰克林、亚当斯等人借鉴并阐发了源自欧洲启蒙思想家的“海上私人财产免于捕获”理念,将其确认为美国的外交政策原则之一,并落实在1785年与普鲁士签订的双边条约之中。作为具有美国特色的海洋自由观念,海上私人财产豁免原则具有理想主义和现实主义的双重属性,反映了美国建国之初海军力量弱小的现实,其式微是历史发展的必然趋势。As a principle of American foreign policy,the concept of “freedom of the sea” was not entirely originally made by Americans,but has deep European theoretical origins and distinct imprint of colonial experiences.In the revolutionary era and the process of designing the new national foreign policy,the Founding Fathers of the United States,on the premise of setting America's self-image as a neutral country,imported the principle of “free ships,free goods” from Europe and creatively proposed the principle of “immunity of private property at sea”.The former principle was mainly embodied in the Treaty Plan of 1776,while the latter was first proposed for dealing with the Armed Neutrality of 1778,then developed further in the negotiations with Britain in 1783,and finally,was confirmed as a foreign policy principle in the Treaty Plan of 1784,and was implemented in the treaty with Prussia in 1785.As a concept of maritime freedom with American characteristics,the principle of exemption of private property at sea has the dual nature of idealism and realism,reflecting the reality that the navy was weak at the beginning of the republic,and its decline was the inevitable trend of history.

关 键 词：美国外交政策 海洋自由观 海上私人财产豁免 自由船所载货物自由 

分 类 号：D871.2[政治法律—政治学] K712.3[政治法律—外交学] K712.4[历史地理—历史学] K56[历史地理—世界史]