宪法工程学视角下尼泊尔宪政运行的制度、行为与结果  

Constitutional Governance in Nepal:Institutions.Behavior and Outcomes from a Perspective of Constitutional Engineering

作　　者：黄正多[1,2] 徐家宜 Huang Zhengduo;Xu Jiayi

机构地区：[1]四川大学南亚研究所 [2]四川大学尼泊尔研究中心 [3]南京大学国际关系研究院

出　　处：《南亚研究》2024年第1期131-153,158,159,共25页South Asian Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“喜马拉雅南麓历史地理文献搜集、整理与研究”(项目批准号:21&ZD330);四川大学“一带一路”教育交流合作研究项目(项目编号:2022GJYDYLG03)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：2015年新宪法颁布实施后,尼泊尔的宪政运行并未趋于稳定,国家治理也缺乏效率。本文运用宪法工程学分析框架,发现尼泊尔宪政制度对政治行为的激励机制具有一定特殊性。政治权力结构上,议会制的等级授权关系被反向滥用,激励立法与行政精英形成日常对立;联邦制只是对身份政治的勉强回应,央地权力失衡驱动地方精英持续对抗联邦政府。政治参与规则上,混合选举制下当选门槛相对较低,政治精英缺乏寻求更广泛政治支持的动机,混合制更塑造了尼泊尔趋于碎片化的政党制度。由此,短期内尼泊尔难以形成稳定一致的执政力量和有效政府。The promulgation and implementation of Nepal’s 2015 constitution did not result in the stabilization of constitutional governance in the country,and instead Nepal continued to suffer from ineffective governance.This article applies an analytical framework adapted from theories of constitutional engineering to the case of Nepal and finds that it has a unique constitutional system characterized by the incentives structures that shape the country’s political behavior.In terms of the political structure,the hierarchical nature of the parliamentary system leaves it open to abuse and subversion,which has resulted in regular confrontations between elites from both the legislative and executive branches of the government.Meanwhile,federalism in the country is nothing more than a reluctant response to identity politics,with power imbalances between the center and localities driving continuous resistance from local elites against the federal government.With respect to political participation,the country’s mixed electoral system sets a relatively low threshold for election,resulting in weak incentives for elites to seek broad political support.As such,the mixed system results in a tendency towards the fragmentation of political parties.As such,over the short-term Nepal will continue to struggle to establish stable,cohesive and effective governance.

关 键 词：尼泊尔政治 宪法工程学 制度设计 行为激励 政治稳定 

分 类 号：G115[文化科学] D822.335.5[政治法律—政治学]