扩展适应的特征和解释力——以类同义副词“也”的产生为例  

The Properties and Explanatory Power of Exaptation:A Revisit of the Emergence of Chinese Adverb Ye(也)‘Likewise’

作　　者：彭睿[1] PENG Rui(epartment of Chinese Studies,National University of Singapore)

机构地区：[1]新加坡国立大学中文系

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第2期159-177,共19页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“图式性构式化和语法化的关系研究”(22CYY036)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：除了语法化,功能性单位还有另外几种产生途径,包括“去语法化”“语境吸收”和“扩展适应”。扩展适应通常发生于高度语法化并且正在式微的语言单位或材料中,其最重要的特征是:1)“无预料性”,即不遵循任何既有的历时演变规律;2)“新颖性”,即变化过程缺乏中间阶段,不由语用推理来推动。扩展适应具有一定的解释力,可以用来解决一些历时形态句法演变的疑难杂症。如汉语类同义副词“也”的来源一直困扰着学界。一部分学者认同“也”由句中语气词演变为类同义副词的说法,但对这一演变背后机制的解释(语境吸收或去语法化)都缺乏说服力。中古开始,句中语气词“也”在口语中式微,而且句中语气词和类同义副词之间无清晰的关联,因此从句中语气词“也”到类同义副词“也”的变化符合扩展适应的条件。Exaptation,which exists cross-linguistically but is much less frequent than grammaticalization,occurs when functional items are highly grammaticalized and declining.Some scholars may argue that an exaptatum typically has the"junk"status(i.e.,completely functionless or useless).However,this is problematic because linguistic morphemes are rarely fully devoid of meaning and really functionless.Currently it is widely accepted that the most defining properties of exaptation are"unexpectedness"and"novelty".Exaptation is unexpected in the sense that the development of the new function of an exaptatum presents a leap-like shift and cannot be predicted by any diachronic morphosyntactic rule and recurrent pathway.The result of exaptation is novel because the new function the exaptatum obtains was formerly not associated with it.As a leap-like shift,exaptation is different from degrammaticalization,which,similar to grammaticalization,is motivated by pragmatic inference and has a transitional phase.However,it is not easy to draw a clear line between exaptation and the absorption of contextual meaning,as evidence shows that in some exaptation cases the source of functions of the exapted elements are clearly related to the contextual meanings.Exaptation may be useful with respect to the study of the diachronic morphosyntactic cases that have long puzzled the scholars.One such example is the history of the Chinese adverb ye(也),which has the sense of‘likewise’.Some scholars believe that the adverb ye has its origin as a modal particle in Old Chinese.However,neither of the two mechanisms,i.e.,the absorption of contextual meaning and degrammaticalization,as proposed by these scholars,is convincing.Since Middle Chinese,the modal particle ye has started to decline in vernacular in the sense that it became statistically less frequent and its occurrence became optional.This,together with the fact that no immediate connection may be found between the modal particle ye and the adverb ye,makes the change from the former to the latt

关 键 词：扩展适应 无预料性 新颖性 跳跃性转移 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]