土家语“被动标记”再认识——兼论藏缅语被动语义策略  

A Discussion of Passive Marking in Tujia:With an Eye on Passive Strategies in Tibeto-Burman Languages

作　　者：鲁曼 易振 马瑜 LU Man;YI Zhen;MA Yu(School of Foreign Languages,Hu'nan University)

机构地区：[1]湖南大学外国语学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第2期228-245,共18页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“土家语语法现象的生成语法研究”(20FYYB010);湖南省哲学社会科学基金重大项目“湖南及周边地区‘量+名’结构语义和句法研究”(22ZDJ003);2023年湖南大学哲学社会科学重大项目培育计划项目“汉语方言、英语、藏缅语句法制图比较研究及语料库建设”资助。

摘　　要：现有关于土家语是否存在被动结构的看法有两种,一种认为土家语有被动结构,被动标记为ko^(35)或to^(21),另一种认为土家语没有被动结构。文章从施事降级、受事提升、论元减价等方面,说明土家语不存在被动结构,ko^(35)和to^(21)都不是被动标记,ko^(35)是施事标记,to^(21)是反身代词,土家语采用反身代词策略实现被动语义功能。本文进一步指出,被动结构在藏缅语十分少见,藏缅语言被动语义功能主要通过以下六种策略来实现:1)施事名词使用泛指第三人称复数或者抽象义名词;2)受事名词标记为定指;3)反身态(或反身代词)或致使态等;4)主语和宾语位置变换;5)迁回式被动(助动词+主动词);6)被动结构。The purpose of the paper is dual.One is to provide a compressive description of the expression of passive meaning in Tujia,arguing for the idea that passive meaning in Tujia is expressed by using reflexive pronouns.The other is to point out that passive meaning expressed by semantic or pragmatic mechanisms rather than syntactic ways is common in Tibeto-Burman(hereafter TB)language as well,though some languages may have passive constructions.According to the literature,there are two views on whether there are passives in Tujia.One holds that there are passive constructions which are marked by either ko^(35)or to^(21),while the other contends that there is no passive constructions in Tuja,ko^(35)or to^(21)being only an agent marker,used to indicate the agent role of the argument or to emphasize the agent.The present paper argues for the second approach.The main arguments come from three perspectives:no agent demotion,no promotion of patient and no valency are involved in constructions in which ko^(35) is used.Then it argues that the so-called passive meaning in sentences with agent marker results from both pragmatic deduction and translation.In Tujia,there are cases in which an object may be preposed for emphasis,and in these cases the agent is required to be marked with ko^(35).When such sentences are translated into Chinese,they are treated as passive constructions,which are actually not.Having argued that ko^(35) should not be treated as a passive marker,the paper moves on to claim that to^(21) is a reflexive pronoun rather than a passive marker.A reflexive(pronoun)has the function of demoting the agent,that is why a reflexive(pronoun)can be used to express passive meaning.Having established that there is no passive constructions in Tujia,the paper further presents many other strategies to express passive meaning in TB languages,with the purpose to show that Tujia is not isolated in the way passive meaning is expressed.There are six mechanisms which are observed in our research,which include:1)the agent is expre

关 键 词：被动语义策略 被动标记 土家语 藏缅语 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]