基于司法裁判的自甘风险免责规则的解释论  

The Interpretation of the Assumption of Risk Rule based on Judgmental Decision

作　　者：郑里 ZHENG Li(Law School,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,Wuhan 430073,China)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《广州体育学院学报》2024年第1期100-109,共10页Journal of Guangzhou Sport University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目(22CFX074)。

摘　　要：《民法典》第1176条将受害人自甘风险作为特定情形下的免责事由,这与自甘风险本身的定位不符。自甘风险免责仅为受害人自甘风险的一种情形,而受害人自甘风险广泛存在于具有一定风险的领域中,对应着不同的法律效果。通过对司法实践中相关案例的分析,发现很多法院将不构成侵权责任的情形也认定为应适用自甘风险免责规则。缘此,法院应准确把握过错认定的标准,并对自甘风险免责规则所适用的“文体活动”的范围进行限缩解释。在其他参加者具有故意、重大过失或者组织者需要承担责任的情形中,受害人自甘风险存在着过失相抵规则的适用空间;在当事人都没有过错的情况下,不存在公平原则的适用问题,不得适用公平分担损失规则来补偿受害人的损失,而应通过社会保障、责任保险等方式来构建综合性的损失分担机制。Article 1176 of the Civil Code exempts the victim's assumption of risk as an exemption from liability in specific cases,which is irrelevant to the position of the rule.The exemption from liability for assumption of risk is only one instance of assumption of risk,which exists in a wide range of areas where there is a certain amount of risk,corresponding to different legal effects.The analysis of relevant cases in practice shows that many courts have found that the rule of exemption from liability for assumption of risk rule applies to situations that do not meet the requirements for tort liability.Thus,the court should interpret restrictively the scope of‘recreational or sports activity’to which the exemption of assumption of risk applies,it is also necessary to clarify the negligence identification standards.In situations where other participants have intentional or gross negligence,and where the organizer needs to bear responsibility,there is the application of contributory negligence.Where neither the victim nor the actor is at fault,the fair share of losses rules shall not be applied to compensate the victims,and there is no room for the application of the principle of fairness;in practice,a comprehensive loss-sharing mechanism should be established through social security and liability insurance to provide victims with Relief.

关 键 词：自甘风险 免责事由 过失相抵 损失分担 

分 类 号：G80-05[文化科学—运动人体科学]