新兴湿法退役锂电池正极材料回收技术研究进展  

Research progress of novel hydrometallurgy in recycling cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

作　　者：马文君 张旭[1] 刘孟顺 梁志远[1] MA Wenjun;ZHANG Xu;LIU Mengshun;LIANG Zhiyuan(Key Laboratory of Thermal Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,Shaanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室,陕西西安710049

出　　处：《化工进展》2024年第4期2077-2090,共14页Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress

基　　金：青年科技新星项目(S2022-ZC-XXXM-0112);陕西省重点研发计划(2023-YBGY-291)。

摘　　要：退役锂电池中的钴、镍、锂等稀有金属的绿色高效回收利用逐渐成为国内外研究的重点。传统酸浸法具有能源成本低、金属回收纯度高和效率高的优点,但使用腐蚀性强酸和昂贵萃取物,反应时间长且产生废酸、污泥和高盐溶液等二次废物。本文总结了传统酸浸法中绿色浸取剂和还原剂以及低共熔溶剂(DES)和超临界流体(SCF)两种新兴的湿法冶金技术对高效绿色回收锂电池正极材料的应用。阐明了微波超声辅助手段和选择性浸取回收工艺分别对改善浸取工况和简化分离回收程序的重要作用。并重点介绍了超临界水(SCW)和超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO_(2))两种超临界流体降解有机污染物、回收稀有金属并改善合成正极材料的应用,为高效、绿色、低成本回收退役锂电池中稀有金属提供了重要参考价值。The green and efficient recycling of cobalt,nickel,lithium and other rare metals in spent lithium batteries has gradually become the focus of research at home and abroad.Traditional acid leaching owns the advantages of low energy cost,high purity of metal recovery and high efficiency.However,traditional acid leaching uses caustic acids and expensive extracts,takes a long time and produces secondary waste such as waste acids,sludge and highly saline solutions.Therefore,this paper focused on the application of green leaching agent and reducing agent in traditional acid-leaching and two novel green solvents of deep eutectic solvent(DES)and supercritical fluid(SCF)in the green and efficient recovery of cathode materials of lithium batteries.The important effects of selective leaching technology on simplifying recovery procedures and assisted means like microwave or ultrasonic on improving leaching conditions were reviewed.The application of supercritical water(SCW)and supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_(2))to degrade organic pollutants,recover rare metals,and improve the synthesis of cathode materials was emphasized,which provided important reference value for efficient,green and low-cost recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium batteries.

关 键 词：浸取 超临界流体 选择性 回收 湿法冶金 锂电池 低共熔溶剂 

分 类 号：TD982[矿业工程—选矿] X773[环境科学与工程—环境工程]