关于敦煌西夏后期洞窟的判定——西夏石窟考古与艺术研究之六  

A Study on the late Western Xia Caves at the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes:Western Xia Cave Archaeology and Art Research(Ⅵ)

作　　者：赵晓星[1] Zhao Xiaoxing

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院敦煌文献研究所

出　　处：《国学学刊》2024年第1期107-125,142,共20页Research in the Traditions of Chinese Culture

基　　金：2016年度教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目《敦煌西夏时期的洞窟分期与研究》立项资助(16JJD780009)。

摘　　要：敦煌石窟西夏时期大致可以西夏仁宗的大庆元年(1140)为界,此前的时段为西夏前期,此后为西夏后期,而后期正是西夏在敦煌石窟展开大规模营建的时期。西夏后期,除了沙州外,瓜州也成为西夏营建洞窟的重点地区。因为西夏后期与元代在时间上的衔接,学者们在敦煌西夏后期洞窟的断代上存在较大争议。本文通过对逐个洞窟的梳理,结合前人研究成果,判定西夏后期新建莫高窟第3、465窟,榆林窟第2、10、3、29窟,东千佛洞第5、2、7窟,并补绘莫高窟第206窟。同时,结合元代敦煌的历史遗迹与史料记载,认为元代占领敦煌前期西夏遗民的洞窟营建活动并未停止,因此敦煌的确存在一批“元代西夏窟”,但这批洞窟仍属于对西夏石窟艺术的延续。The Western Xia period of Dunhuang Grottoes can be defined by the first year of Daqing( 1140) in the Western Xia Dynasty. The period before this year is considered the early Western Xia period, while the period after is referred to as the late Western Xia period, during which the Western Xia Dynasty initiated large-scale construction in the Dunhuang Grottoes. In the late Western Xia period, except for Shazhou,Guazhou became a key area for constructing caves. Due to the chronological connection between the late Western Xia period and the Yuan Dynasty, scholars have had significant controversies over the dating of the caves in Dunhuang during this period. Through sorting out caves one by one and combining with previous research results, this paper determines that Cave 3 and 465 in Mogao Grottoes, Cave 2, 10, 3 and 29 in Yulin Grottoes, Cave 5, 2 and 7 in East Thousand Buddha Grottoes were newly built, and Cave 206 in Mogao Grottoes were rebuilt in the late Western Xia period. Based on the historical relics and records, it is believed that the the Western Xia survivors continued to build and rebuild some caves in Dunhunag Grottoes during the early period of the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, there indeed exist a group of “Western Xia caves was built in Yuan Dynasty” in Dunhuang, but these caves still belong to the continuation of Western Xia cave art.

关 键 词：西夏后期 敦煌石窟 分期断代 

分 类 号：K246.3[历史地理—历史学] K879.21[历史地理—中国史]