理性、经济与效率--最小住宅的起源与发展  

Rationality,economy,and efficiency:The origin and development of the minimum dwelling

作　　者：吴俊贤 虞刚 WU Junxian;YU Gang

机构地区：[1]哈尔滨工业大学(深圳)建筑学院 [2]都灵理工大学建筑与设计系

出　　处：《西部人居环境学刊》2024年第2期158-164,共7页Journal of Human Settlements in West China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年项目(52208018)。

摘　　要：最小住宅为应对20世纪欧洲的住房危机而产生,其目的是提供满足家庭生活需求的最小空间。自出现以来,最小住宅概念的影响不断扩大,涉及了前苏联、中国等国家的住宅实践,并在今日的城市中持续发挥着重要作用。理性、经济与效率是贯穿在最小住宅的起源与发展过程中的三个要素,透过它们所展现出的最小住宅发展脉络能够帮助我们重新认识最小住宅的设计思路,进而为今天的住宅设计带来一定的启发。The origin of the concept of minimal dwelling can be traced back to 19th-century Europe,where it was originally intended to solve the housing problem in cities,to eliminate slums and to provide housing for the vast working class.Among many countries,Germany pioneered the concept of minimal dwelling in practice.Architects like Ernst May led the construction of residential areas in Frankfurt around 1926,providing minimal living spaces suitable for single-family households.The interiors of these residences featured modernized bathrooms and kitchens,enhancing the efficiency of residents’lives.Externally,these dwellings departed from the peripheral layout in European cities,adopting a zeilenbau(rows-based layout)to ensure good lighting and ventilation.From this perspective,minimal dwelling emerged as a rational and economic response to people’s basic housing needs,emphasizing efficiency in the spatial layout,and simplifying decoration in design for economic reasons.Such designs improved the efficiency of housing construction and influenced residents’lifestyles,turning housing into a“living machine”.While the theoretical foundation and early practices of minimal dwelling originated in Western Europe,the concept found extensive application in the Soviet Union,the largest socialist country at the time.In the early 1930s,the Soviet Union engaged in intense discussions regarding socialist urban forms and settlements.During this period,European avant-garde architects,including Ernst May,actively participated in Soviet socialist urban planning and housing design.Although many modernist architectural ideas were halted with Stalin’s call for“building socialist realism”in the 1930s,modernist architecture,especially in housing,experienced a revival in the 1950s under Nikita Khrushchev’s rule.Facing severe housing shortages in the Soviet Union,housing designs during the Khrushchev era largely embraced the principles of minimal dwelling.These so-called Khrushchyovka were designed to compress internal space to the

关 键 词：最小住宅 套型 住区 人居环境 

分 类 号：TU984.114[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]