不同水氮供应对富士苹果品质产量和果园氮排放的影响  

Effects of Different Water and Nitrogen Supply on Quality and Yield of Fuji Apple and Nitrogen Emission from Orchard

作　　者：梁洁 张馨予 于国康 赵先飞 赵紫嫣 刘宇 吕中一 张林森[1] LIANG Jie;ZHANG Xinyu;YU Guokang;ZHAO Xianfei;ZHAO Ziyan;LIU Yu;LV Zhongyi;ZHANG Linsen(College of Horticulture,Northwest A&F University,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学园艺学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《果树资源学报》2024年第3期8-17,共10页Journal of Fruit Resources

基　　金：财政部和农业农村部:国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-27);陕西省科技统筹创新工程项目(2015KTZDNY02-03);陕西省重点研发计划(2023-YBNY-05)。

摘　　要：【目的】针对黄土高原旱地苹果园灌水施肥利用率低、氮排放污染严重等现状,探讨不同水氮供应对富士苹果品质、产量的影响,以及果园土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放上的差异,为农业合理施加氮肥和用水量提供一定的参考。【方法】于2022年以短枝富士苹果树为材料,以灌水和施氮量为变量,设置5个不同灌水处理:(W5)100%~-90%θ_(田)、(W4)90%~-80%θ_(田)、(W3)80%~-70%θ_(田)、(W2)70%~-60%θ_(田)、(W1)60%~-50%θ_(田),施氮量设置5个处理:N1(150 kg/ha)、N2(300 kg/ha)、N3(450 kg/ha)、N4(600 kg/ha)、N5(750 kg/ha),分析不同处理苹果生理指标、产量性状及土壤氮素排放的变化。【结果】不同施肥灌水处理下苹果新梢生长长度随灌水量和施氮量的增加而增加;施肥后发生了明显的气态氮排放,在施肥后1周内出现挥发速率峰值。氮素添加明显增加了NH_(3)挥发累积量,而灌水量的增加则呈现降低趋势。NH_(3)挥发最大量为W1N5,其整个生育观测收集阶段挥发总量达到了187.07 kg·hm^(-2);N_(2)O排放通量的峰值在施氮后立即出现,会在第3~4 d达到排放速率高峰,氮肥施入量越多,N_(2)O排放损失量越高,施氮量相同的水平下,灌水越少N_(2)O排放越高。W1N5的N_(2)O排放速率达到最高,整个生育观测收集阶段排放总量达到了578.92 g·hm^(-2);不同水氮供应的果实横纵径、单果质量、大果率、可溶性固形物质量分数与酸度、产量之间均呈显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)正相关关系。氮素利用率与横径、大果率、可溶性固形物质量分数、产量之间存在显著正相关关系。因此,水氮利用率与果实品质和产量之间关系密切。最高产量在N3水平获得,N5造成苹果小幅度减产,W4N3处理可以维持苹果产量、提高品质、获得更高的水氮利用效率;建立灌溉量(W)、施氮量(N)与苹果产量之间的二次多项式拟合水氮效应方程为:Y=-0.1511N^(2)-1.2403W^(2)-0.0753W【Objective】 Aiming at the current situation of low utilization rate of irrigation and fertilization and serious pollution of nitrogen emission in apple orchards in dryland areas of Loess Plateau,this study investigated the effects of different water and nitrogen supply on the quality and yield of Fuji apple,as well as the differences in ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission in orchard soil,so as to provide certain references for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and water consumption in agriculture.【 Methods 】 In 2022,Fuji apple tree was used as the material,and 5 different irrigation treatments were set with irrigation water and nitrogen application as variables:((W5)100%-90%θ_(田),(W4)90%-80%θ_(田),(W3)80%-70%θ_(田),(W2)70%-60%θ_(田),(W1)60%-50%θ_(田),the nitrogen application rate was set to 5 treatments:N1(150 kg/ha),N2(300 kg/ha),N3(450 kg/ha),N4(600 kg/ha)and N5(750 kg/ha)were used to analyze the changes of physiological indexes,yield traits and soil nitrogen emission of apples under different treatments.【 Results 】 Under different fertilization and irrigation treatments,the growth length of new shoot increased with the increase of irrigation amount and nitrogen application amount.Significant gaseous nitrogen emission occurred after fertilization,and the peak volatilization rate appeared within 1 week after fertilization.Nitrogen addition obviously increased the NH_(3) volatilization accumulation,but the increase of irrigation water showed a decreasing trend.The maximum amount of NH_(3) volatilization was W1N5,and the total amount of volatilization reached 187.07 kg·hm^(-2) in the whole growth observation and collection stage.The peak of N_(2)O emission flux appeared immediately after nitrogen application,and reached the peak emission rate in the 3rd to 4th day.The more nitrogen fertilizer application,the higher the N_(2)O emission loss.Under the same nitrogen application level,the less irrigation water,the higher N_(2)O emission.The N_(2)O emission rate of W1N5 r

关 键 词：苹果 水氮供应 氨挥发 氧化亚氮释放 产量 水氮效应方程 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]