长期秸秆还田下追氮量对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Topdressing Rates on Yield and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization of Winter Wheat under Long⁃Term Straw Returning

作　　者：郝永会 靳海洋 闫雅倩 李向东[2] 郑飞[2] 岳俊芹[2] 张德奇[2] 方保停[2] 杨程[2] 程红建[2] 李春喜[1] HAO Yonghui;JIN Haiyang;YAN Yaqian;LI Xiangdong;ZHENG Fei;YUE Junqin;ZHANG Deqi;FANG Baoting;YANG Cheng;CHENG Hongjian;LI Chunxi(College of Life Sciences,Henan Normal University,Xinxiang 453007,China;Wheat Research Institute,Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Wheat Yield-Quality Simultaneous Improvement,Zhengzhou 450002,China)

机构地区：[1]河南师范大学生命科学学院,河南新乡453007 [2]河南省农业科学院小麦研究所/河南省小麦产量-品质协同提升工程研究中心,河南郑州450002

出　　处：《河南农业科学》2024年第4期9-19,共11页Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2300803,2022YFD2300802);河南省重大科技专项(231100110200);河南省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(HARS-22-01-G5);河南省农业科学院自主创新项目(2023ZC001);河南省农业科学院科技创新团队项目(2024TD07)。

摘　　要：在长期秸秆还田且基施足量氮肥(150 kg/hm^(2))条件下研究拔节期不同追氮量[0 kg/hm^(2)(N150)、37.5 kg/hm^(2)(N150+37.5)、75 kg/hm^(2)(N150+75)、112.5 kg/hm^(2)(N150+112.5)和150 kg/hm^(2)(N150+150)]对冬小麦群体动态、地上部干物质和氮素的积累转运、籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,明确协同实现较高籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率的追氮量,以期为秸秆还田下冬小麦氮肥高效管理提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,冬小麦冬前分蘖数和有效穗数均呈先增加后降低的趋势,在N150+75和N150+112.5处理下较高。花前地上部干物质和氮素积累量均随施氮量的增加逐渐增加,花后地上部干物质和氮素积累量均呈先增加后降低的规律。不追氮(N150)和低追氮量(N150+37.5、N150+75)处理的花前干物质转运量与转运率总体上均显著高于高追氮量(N150+112.5、N150+150)和不施氮(N0)处理;花前氮素转运量随施氮量的增加逐渐增加,在N150+150处理达到最大值,但其花前氮素转运率显著低于其他处理。与仅基施氮150 kg/hm^(2)处理相比,拔节期追氮37.5~150 kg/hm^(2)增加籽粒产量10.45%~33.64%。随着追氮量的增加,籽粒产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,在N150+112.5处理下达到最大值,显著高于其他处理,分别较N150、N150+37.5、N150+75、N150+150处理提高30.85%~33.64%、15.04%~20.99%、6.62%~11.07%、7.35%~7.81%;氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理利用率直线下降,N150+75与N150+112.5处理间差异总体上不显著。综上,拔节期追施氮肥有利于增加冬小麦花前、花后干物质和氮素的积累转运,但过量追氮导致花前干物质和氮素转运率大幅降低,产量增加效应减小,氮肥利用效率大幅降低;在长期秸秆还田基施氮150 kg/hm^(2)条件下,拔节期追氮112.5 kg/hm^(2)有利于协调冬小麦花前、花后干物质和氮素的积累转运,同时拟合分析发现,拔节期追氮107.81~139.50 kgThe effects of nitrogen topdressing rates[0 kg/ha(N150),37.5 kg/ha(N150+37.5),75 kg/ha(N150+75),112.5 kg/ha(N150+112.5)and 150 kg/ha(N150+150)]on winter wheat population dynamics,accumulation and transport of dry aboveground matter and nitrogen,grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency were studied under long⁃term straw returning and sufficient basal nitrogen application(150 kg/ha)to clarify the nitrogen topdressing rate for synergistically achieving higher grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for efficient nitrogen fertilizer management of winter wheat under straw returning.The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen topdressing rate,the number of tillers before winter and effective panicles showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,achieving higher values under treatments of N150+75 and N150+112.5.The aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation before anthesis gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen topdressing rate,while the aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation after anthesis followed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing.The aboveground dry matter transport amount and rate before anthesis of treatments with no topdressing nitrogen(N150)and low topdressing nitrogen(N150+37.5,N150+75)were generally significantly higher than those with high topdressing nitrogen(N150+112.5,N150+150)and no nitrogen application(N0);The nitrogen transport amount before anthesis gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,reaching its maximum value under N150+150 treatment,but its nitrogen transport rate before anthesis was significantly lower than the other treatments.Compared with the treatment with only basal nitrogen of 150 kg/ha,topdressing nitrogen of 37.5—150 kg/ha at the jointing stage increased grain yield by 10.45%—33.64%.With the increase of nitrogen topdressing rate,the grain yield showed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing,

关 键 词：冬小麦 秸秆还田 追氮量 产量 氮素吸收 氮素利用 

分 类 号：S512[农业科学—作物学]