美国对自决原则的立场演变分析  

Analysis of the Evolution of the United States Position on the Principle of Self-determination

作　　者：李捷[1,2] 赵磊[1] LI Jie;ZHAO Lei(Lanzhou University)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学西北民族研究中心,甘肃兰州730000 [2]兰州大学政治与国际关系学院,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《边界与海洋研究》2024年第2期34-57,共24页Journal of Boundary and Ocean Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“基于美国国会上世纪40年代涉疆档案的美国新疆政策起始研究”(批准号22&ZD235)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：自决原则兴起于两次世界大战期间,是二战后确立的国际规则体系的主要内容之一,但在冷战特别是后冷战时期面临着日益严峻的冲击和挑战。本文以两次世界大战期间、二战结束初期、非殖民化及冷战时期、后冷战时期等国际秩序发生重大变动的四个时期为基础,结合自决原则兴起、制度化、扩散和重塑等不同阶段,分析美国在霸权的不同时期对待自决原则的立场和行动差异。在自决理念的兴起阶段,虽然美国与苏联都是该理念的重要倡导者,但是威尔逊与列宁所倡导的自决理念存在重大的差异,包括自决理论的政治和意识形态起源的不同,以及对实施自决的态度差异。这决定了两次世界大战期间美国对自决原则支持的限度,也加速了美国在价值和利益层面与世界非殖民化进程的背离。自决原则在二战后的制度化及扩散阶段,美国与苏联及广大新独立国家围绕自决原则的内涵及适用性展开了激烈争论,美国公开反对新独立国家保障经济、社会和文化发展权利,以及实现经济自决的诉求。美国对自决原则最直接的挑战体现在它对该原则的修正主义立场和行动,一是将自决意识形态化和工具化,二是以“人权高于主权”对自决原则进行重塑。与美国鼓吹“以规则为基础的国际秩序”而将自身塑造为国际规则的创建者和领导者的形象不同,美国并非自决原则的唯一倡导者,而是规范争论者;既非自决原则的一贯遵守者,而是修正主义者。美国对自决原则的结果性逻辑决定了它的立场和行动。The principle of self-determination emerged during the two World Wars as one of the main elements of the international rule system established after World War II,but faced increasingly severe impact and challenge during the Cold War,especially in the post-Cold War era.Based on the four periods of major changes in the international order,including the two World Wars,the early end of World War II,the decolonisation period,the Cold War period,and the post-Cold War era,this paper analyses the differences in the stance and actions of the United States in its treatment of the principle of self-determination in different periods of hegemony by taking into account the rise,institutionalization,diffusion and reshaping of the principle of self-determination.At the stage of the emergence of the idea of self-determination,although both Woodrow Wilson and Vladimir Lenin were important advocates of the idea,there were significant differences in the idea of self-determination,including the difference in the political and ideological origin of the theory of self-determination and the difference in attitudes towards the implementation of self-determination.This determined the limits of the United States support for the principle of self-determination between the two World Wars,and accelerated the United States departures from the world decolonisation process at the level of values and interests.During the institutionalization and proliferation of the principle of self-determination after World War II,along with the Soviet Union and the newly independent states in general,engaged in a heated debate over the connotation and applicability of the principle of self-determination,and openly rejected the claims of the newly independent states to guarantee the right to economic,social,and cultural development,as well as the realization of economic self-determination.The most direct challenge of the United States to the principle of self-determination was reflected in its revisionist stance and actions towards the principle,firstly,by ide

关 键 词：国际规则 美国 自决 修正主义 

分 类 号：D871.2[政治法律—政治学]