美国“重返亚太”以来海岸警卫队的角色调整及其对中国的影响  

The Role Adjustment of the U.S.Coast Guard and Its Impact on China since US Government Launched the“Return to Asia-Pacific”Strategy

作　　者：吴凡 WU Fan(China People s Police University;China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations)

机构地区：[1]中国人民警察大学国际执法合作学院 [2]教育部海外安全利益研究中心 [3]中国现代国际关系研究院,北京100081

出　　处：《边界与海洋研究》2024年第2期108-128,共21页Journal of Boundary and Ocean Studies

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学“党的二十大精神研究”专项“新时代新征程的战略环境研究”(项目编号:23JD20021)的后期研究成果;北京市社会科学基金青年项目(项目编号:23ZGC009);教育部人文社科青年基金项目“新发展格局下中国开展国际执法安全合作的核心要义和践行路径研究”(项目编号:23YJC710027)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：自美国“重返亚太”以来,海岸警卫队经历了奥巴马政府侧重“培训与援助”的亚太外交角色、特朗普政府聚焦“持久与专业”的印太部署角色到拜登政府承担“重要与核心”的国家安全角色等三个阶段的调整,实质上完成了从海上执法合作的外交工具属性到服务大国竞争的国家安全属性的转化过程。美国海岸警卫队角色的调整是出于充当美国亚太战略软实力工具、维护所谓“基于规则的国际秩序”、应对“混合威胁”与实施“一体化威慑”、完善海域态势感知体系布局以及自身建设发展的需要。这种角色转换将促使中国周边海上安全形势更加复杂,挤压中国与太平洋岛国的海上合作空间,威胁中国海洋资源权益与渔船民安全,损害中国在亚太地区的国际形象,以及配合美国政府深化北极战略竞争等。但美国海岸警卫队参与“印太行动”仍受到诸多因素制约,其对华影响将受到一定限制。鉴于此,中国在提高认识的同时,要积极利用好美国海岸警卫队参与亚太行动的掣肘因素来制定应对之策。Since U.S.President Obama launched his“Return to the Asia-Pacific”strategy,the U.S.Coast Guard(USCG)has undergone three stages of role adjustment which is the Obama administration s emphasis on“training and assistance”in Asia-Pacific diplomacy,the Trump administration s focus on“enduring and specialized”deployment of the Indo-Pacific,and the Biden administration s assumption of“essential and central”national security roles.In essence,the transformation process has been completed from the diplomatic tool attribute of maritime law enforcement cooperation to the national security attribute of serving major country competition.The driving factors are the need to serve as a soft power tool for the US Asia-Pacific strategy,maintain the so-called“rule-based international order”,respond to“mixed threats”and implement“integrated deterrence”,improve the layout of the maritime domain awareness system,and self-construction and development of USCG.This role adjustment will exacerbate the maritime security situation around China,squeeze China s maritime cooperation space with the pacific island countries,threaten China s marine resource rights and the safety of fishermen,damage China s international image in the Asia-Pacific region,and deepen Arctic strategic competition.However,USCG s participation in the Indo-Pacific operation is constrained by many factors,its impact on China will be somewhat limited.Therefore,while raising awareness,China should actively utilize the constraints of USCG s participation in Asia-Pacific operations to develop countermeasures.

关 键 词：“重返亚太” “印太战略” 美国海岸警卫队 海上安全 “灰色地带” 

分 类 号：D822.371.2[政治法律—政治学] E712[政治法律—外交学]