对分离主义道德论证的批判  

A Critique of the Moral Argumentation for Secessionism

作　　者：雷勇[1] 杨和英[2] Lei Yong;Yang Heying(School of Philosophy,Sichuan Normal University,Chengdu,610066,Sichuan;Party School of the Guizhou Provincial Committee of the CPC,Guiyang,550025,Guizhou,China)

机构地区：[1]四川师范大学哲学学院,四川成都610066 [2]中共贵州省委党校,贵州贵阳550025

出　　处：《民族学刊》2023年第10期130-136,161,共8页Journal of Ethnology

摘　　要：分离主义道德论证主要有三条路径,一是将民族国家的内涵曲解为“一个民族,一个国家”。该观点混淆了民族国家的本质和国家的民族构成,是一种狭隘的民族主义,具有明显的政治理想主义色彩。二是滥用民族自决权,认为民族自决权包含民族分离权。该观点将作为民族自决权主体的(国家)民族(nation)误读为(文化)民族(nationality),逻辑上犯了偷换概念的错误;对民族自决权的权利内涵理解存在偏差,国际法上的民族自决权并不包含民族分离权;忽视了行使民族自决权的具体条件,只有在一个国家出现殖民统治需要去殖民化时才能适用。三是利用民主政治说事,认为分离是一种民主权利,利用公民投票等民主形式推动分离。民主政治实施的前提是政治共同体的存在及公民对其的认同。但是,无论是“分离权”主张,还是利用民主形式推动分离,都意味着对国家的解构,在逻辑上难以自洽;在强调一部分人利益的时候,却忽略了其他人的利益,违背了民主政治的初衷和平等原则;更为重要的是具有极大的现实危害性,影响国家的政治稳定和经济发展,影响民族关系,极易诱发民族矛盾甚至民族冲突,影响国际秩序稳定。Many would agree secessionism presents a challenge in many contemporary societies.The moral argumentation for secessionism seems to establish the rationality and legitimacy of secessionism from the aspect of“ought to be”,thereby offering moral justification and theoretical support for secessionist behavior.This study demonstrates there appear to be three main approaches employed in the moral argumentation of secessionism.The first involves a misconstrued interpretation of the nationstate as“one nationality,one country”.This viewpoint conflates the essence of the nationstate with the ethnic composition of a country.Contrary to this viewpoint,a modern nationstate is a manifestation of a country,which in most cases are multiethnic with very few conforming to a single nationality.As a result,a nationstate normally is not the same as“one nationality,one country”,and the pursuit of“one nationality,one country”reflects a typical form of narrow nationalism:It overemphasizes and absolutizes differences and contradictions among diverse nationalities,ignoring commonalities among different nationalities.The political pursuit of“one nationality,one country”,moreover,has proven to be impractical and idealistic and very prone to exacerbate interethnic tensions,leading to conflicts and even nationality cleansing in serious cases.The second approach involves the misuse of the right of national selfdetermination,believing that this right includes the right to ethnic secession.This viewpoint misinterprets a nation-a bearer of the right of national selfdetermination-as synonymous with a(cultural)nationality,and hereby committing the fallacy of disguised concept substitution.In accordance with international law,the right to national selfdetermination doesn't inherently entail the right to ethnic secession.The exercise of this right of national selfdetermination is contingent upon specific conditions and can only be invoked when a country is under colonial rule and wishes to be decolonized.It has manifested itself

关 键 词：分离主义 民族国家 民族自决权 民主 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]