两宋官田应募役户探析  

An Analysis of the Recruitment of Servants in the Official Fields of the Two Song Dynasties

作　　者：宋唐睿 吴树国 SONG Tang-rui;WU Shu-guo

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学社会历史学院,福州350117

出　　处：《求是学刊》2024年第2期169-180,共12页Seeking Truth

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国职役通史”(19ZDA190)。

摘　　要：官田应募役户发端于唐宋之际官田用役的制度嬗变。北宋初期,朝廷开始专门召募客户耕种官田,并呈现出“役”的管理方式与特征。之后,北宋官府亦通过颁发户帖与设立“籍簿”的方式,对官田应募役户进行编户性管理。这不仅奠定了官田长期役使客户的经营基础,也使大量浮寄客户重新回归土地与国家治理体系中。然而至南宋时期,官田管理内涵已由募客就役、浮客归籍向急军需、足财用转变,具体方式表现为大量主户被获准投充官田,并加强对应募役户的人身掌控,从而达到敛财目标。相对于两宋发达的自由租佃制,官田应募役户的逆向拓展,对重新认识两宋经济领域中的人身控制、役制问题以及为国家治理的认识路径不无裨益。The government land recruitment began with the transmutation of the system of government land service in the Tang and Song dynasties.At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty,the court began to specially recruit customers to cultivate government fields,and presented the management style and characteristics of“service”.Afterwards,in the Northern Song Dynasty,the government also managed the recruitment of households for official land through the issuance of household certificates and the establishment of“book of records”.As a result,not only did it lay the foundation for the operation of the government land’s long-term servitude tenants,but it also brought a large number of floating tenants back into the system of land and state governance.However,in the Southern Song Dynasty,the connotation of the management of government land has been changed from recruiting tenants for service and returning floating tenants to the urgent military needs and sufficient financial use,which was manifested in the way that a large number of the settled households were permitted to join the government land and strengthened the personal control over the recruited tenants to achieve the goal of enrichment.In contrast to the developed free tenancy system of the Song Dynasty,the reverse expansion of the government land for the recruited tenants is not without its benefits in terms of reconceptualizing the issues of personal control and servitude in the Song economy,as well as the paths of understanding for the governance of the state.

关 键 词：官田 客户 免役 户帖 

分 类 号：F329[经济管理—产业经济] K244[历史地理—历史学]