彩礼范围与返还事由的体系再造——最高人民法院《彩礼纠纷规定》释评  

The Systematic Construction of the Scope and the Basis of Return of Betrothal Gifts:Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court’s Provisions on Betrothal Gifts Disputes

作　　者：汪洋[1] WANG Yang(School of Law,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《妇女研究论丛》2024年第2期33-46,共14页Journal of Chinese Women＇s Studies

基　　金：清华大学自主科研文科专项(项目编号:2021THZWJC20)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：彩礼范围的界定需要具备“以婚姻为目的”、“存在彩礼习俗”以及“财物价值较大”三项标准。逻辑上依据财物客观价值分为“高价彩礼”、正常彩礼和普通赠与三个区间,但是区分“高价彩礼”与正常彩礼的必要性不大,应一体适用彩礼返还规则;“借婚姻索取财物”与彩礼很难有明确界限,女方有结婚意愿的,可将其作为返还规则中女方的过错事由;“迫于习俗压力而给付”并非区分彩礼和普通赠与的适当标准,核心区别应立足于财物客观价值,区分实益在于能否适用彩礼返还规则。影响彩礼返还的诸项事由中,“导致给付人生活绝对困难”与“已生育子女”属于“一票通过或否决”返还请求的决定性事由;“以婚姻为目的”包含“是否结婚登记”以及“共同生活时间”两类影响返还数额的酌定事由,但共同生活时间两年以上的原则上不予返还;应当把“双方过错事实”作为酌定事由,以消除彩礼习俗与国家法之间的抵牾;返还时接收人的抗辩范围取决于彩礼如何使用或转化以及对应的嫁妆情况。The definition of the scope of betrothal gifts includes three criteria,namely,“for the purpose of marriage”,“the existence of the customs of betrothal gifts”,and“a large value of property”.Based on the objective value of property,there can be three logical distinctions from“sky-price betrothal gifts”,to normal betrothal gifts,and to ordinary gifts.However,it is not necessary to distinguish the two,“sky-price betrothal gifts”and normal betrothal gifts,because the rules for return of betrothal gifts are applicable to both.On the one hand,to seek“property through marriage”,an act difficult to be distinguished from the woman's acceptance of betrothal gifts at marriage,can be used as an accusation of the woman's fault in the rule of return.On the other hand,when the man is“pressured by customary practice to give”without making distinction between the betrothal gifts and the ordinary gifts,it is also difficult to apply the rules of return of betrothal gifts.The core difference should be based on the objective value of the property.Among the grounds upon which to judge the return of betrothal gifts,“causing the giver absolute hardship”and“having given birth to a child”are the decisive ones for“passing or rejecting”a request for the return of betrothal gifts.Moreover,the provision of“for the purpose of marriage”includes two types of discretionary grounds affecting the amount of restitution,namely,“whether or not the marriage is registered”and“the time of living together”.However,if the time of living together is more than two years,there should not be,in principle,any return to be granted.It is important to identify“facts of fault on both sides”,including the recipient's defence in the event of return regarding the use and transformation od betrothal gifts in correspondence to her dowry,in order to eliminate the contradiction between the customs of betrothal gifts and the law.

关 键 词：彩礼习俗 婚约 结婚登记 共同生活 普通赠与 

分 类 号：DF551[政治法律—民商法学]