青藏高原地区农村生活垃圾热处理污染物排放特性研究  

Characterization of Pollutant Emissions from Thermal Treatment of Rural Domestic Waste in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region

作　　者：李小远 李丽[1] 李唯实 刘美佳 崔长颢 黄启飞[1] 闫大海[1] 陈超 LI Xiaoyuan;LI Li;LI Weishi;LIU Meijia;CUI Changhao;HUANG Qifei;YAN Dahai;CHEN Chao(State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment,Research Institute of Solid Waste Management,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China)

机构地区：[1]中国环境科学研究院,环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室,固体废物污染控制技术研究所,北京100012

出　　处：《环境科学研究》2024年第5期1137-1149,共13页Research of Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(No.2019YFC1906900);危险废物鉴别与风险控制重点实验室2022年度开放基金(No.2022YSKY-06)。

摘　　要：为解决日益突出的农村地区生活垃圾问题,青藏高原地区建设了183座小型高温处理设施,但在高寒低压缺氧条件下这些设施的污染物排放面临着巨大的挑战.本研究选取7座3种设施类型的小型高温处理设施为研究对象,利用现场调研采样和实验室多线程污染物分析的方法,重点研究了小型设施烟气中污染物的排放水平和排放特性.结果表明:小型高温处理设施烟气中颗粒物、NO_(x)、SO_(2)、HCl、H_(2)S、HF和重金属污染物排放浓度分别为1.12~234.92、53.60~251.32、63.64~4777.78、1.95~86.27、0.01~3.91、0.09~10.40和1.71~7.36 mg/m^(3),普遍超过《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485-2014)排放限值,相对于大型生活垃圾焚烧炉,其污染物控制能力较弱.二噁英氯化程度、PCDDs/PCDFs(二者浓度的比值)和同系物分布分析表明,小型气化焚烧炉和高温热解炉烟气中二噁英的合成机制主要为前驱体合成.研究显示,启炉和停炉对污染物排放影响较大,二噁英和SO_(2)超标(GB 18485-2014)最严重,分别可达536.00和477.70倍,远大于稳定运行时污染物的排放浓度.小型高温处理设施污染物超标的原因主要是未根据特殊高寒环境的特点对供风量等设施运行参数进行调整,后端烟气处理工艺水平较低,以及运维人员无法保障设施的正常操作和维护.加快克服小型处理设施烟气处理不达标、运行不稳定等技术瓶颈以及完善全过程配套管理政策将有利于降低污染物的排放浓度.In order to address the increasingly prominent problem of rural domestic waste,183 small-scale high-temperature treatment facilities have been constructed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region.However,the pollutant emissions from these facilities face huge challenges under the alpine,low-pressure,and anoxic conditions.In this study,seven small-scale high-temperature treatment facilities of three facility types were selected,and the emission characteristics of pollutants in the flue gases of the small-scale facilities were focused on using on-site sampling and laboratory multi-threaded pollutant analysis.The results show that the emission concentrations of particulate matter,NO_(x),SO_(2),HCl,H_(2)S,HF,and heavy metal pollutants in the flue gas of small-scale high-temperature treatment facilities are 1.12-234.92、53.60-251.32、63.64-4777.78、1.95-86.27、0.01-3.91、0.09-10.40 and 1.71-7.36 mg/m^(3),respectively.The emissions generally exceed the standard limits specified in the Standard for Pollution Control on the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration(GB 18485-2014).The pollutant control capability is weaker than that of large-scale municipal solid waste incinerators.The analysis of dioxin chlorination degree,PCDDs/PCDFs ratio,and congener distribution shows that the synthesis mechanism of dioxin in the flue gas of small-scale gasification incinerators and high-temperature pyrolysis furnaces is mainly precursor synthesis.The study shows that the start-up and shutdown of the furnace have a greater impact on pollutant emissions.Among them,PCDD/DFs and SO_(2)exceed the standards(GB 18485-2014)by 536.00 and 477.70 times,which are far greater than the pollutant emission concentration during stable operation.The main reasons why pollutants in small-scale high-temperature treatment facilities exceed the standard are that the air supply volume and other facility operating parameters are not adjusted according to the characteristics of the special alpine environment,the back-end flue gas treatment technology is low,and the

关 键 词：农村生活垃圾 高海拔 小型高温处理设施 污染物排放特性 二噁英 

分 类 号：X511[环境科学与工程—环境工程]