巴基斯坦海外劳工移民研究  

A Study on Pakistan's Overseas Labor Migration

作　　者：蔡晶 屈心谊 CAI Jing;QU Xin-yi

机构地区：[1]华侨大学国际关系学院 [2]华侨大学心理文化学研究所

出　　处：《南亚东南亚研究》2023年第6期59-79,154,155,共23页South and Southeast Asian Studies

摘　　要：巴基斯坦是世界主要的劳动力输出国之一,其庞大的海外劳工移民群体已成为推动巴基斯坦社会经济发展和改善人民生活的重要外部因素。巴基斯坦政府重视海外劳工在国家经济、社会发展中的地位和作用,积极鼓励劳务输出,允许劳务中介公司市场化运营,为劳工提供海外招聘信息、技能培训等服务。巴基斯坦劳务输出地集中,长期以来,大规模的巴基斯坦劳工前往沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋等海湾国家的低技能部门务工。他们多数是临时性、项目性或合同制度下的劳工移民,合同期满后须返回巴基斯坦,无法获得所在国的永久居住权。在海外的工作经历强化了巴基斯坦劳工的国家身份认同,与母国联系也愈加密切。巴基斯坦劳工移民不仅在增加外汇储备、减缓就业压力方面发挥了积极作用,还在国际社会中增强了巴基斯坦的族群影响力。虽然巴基斯坦劳工移民面临技术转型及就业市场竞争加剧等严峻挑战,但海湾国家对巴基斯坦劳工的需求短时间内不会消失,共同的宗教信仰注定让巴基斯坦劳工移民在海湾国家的稳定性高于印度教劳工。巴基斯坦劳工移民是世界移民潮的重要组成部分,对其特点、动因及发展趋势展开研究具有重要的理论及现实意义。Pakistan is one of the world's major labor-exporting countries,and its large immigrant labor group has become an important external factor driving Pakistan's social and economic development and improving people's living standards.The Pakistani government attaches importance to the status and role of overseas workers in the national economic and social development,actively encouraging labor exports.It allows labor recruitment agencies to operate in a market-oriented manner,providing overseas recruitment information,skills training,and other services to laborers.Pakistan's labor migration exhibits a pronounced concentration of outbound labor in certain destinations.For a long time,a substantial population of Pakistani laborers has been consistently directed towards low-skilled sectors in Gulf countries such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.Most of them are temporary,project-based or contractual migrant workers who must return to Pakistan upon the completion of their contracts and cannot obtain permanent residency rights in the host countries.Working abroad strengthens the sense of national identity of Pakistanis and their ties more closely to Pakistan.Pakistani labor migrants have played a positive role not only in increasing foreign exchange reserves and alleviating employment pressure,but also in enhancing Pakistan's ethnic influence in the international community.Although Pakistani labor migrants face serious challenges such as technological transformation and intensified competition in the labor market,the demand for Pakistani workers in the Gulf countries is unlikely to disappear in the short term.The shared religious beliefs ensure that Pakistani labor migrants enjoy greater stability in the Gulf countries compared to Hindu labor migrants.Pakistani labor migrants are an important part of global migration flows,and studying their characteristics,motives,and development trends holds significant theoretical and practical significance.other services to laborers.

关 键 词：海外巴基斯坦人 劳工移民 海外劳工 劳务输出 海湾劳务市场 

分 类 号：D523.8[政治法律—政治学] F249.353[政治法律—国际政治]