桃苗圃适用除草剂的筛选、混配与安全性评价  

Screening,Compounding and Safety Evaluation of Herbicides Suitable for Peach Nursery

作　　者：郭磊[1] 黄晨艳 宋宏峰[1] 沈志军[1] 张斌斌[1] 马瑞娟[1] 孙朦 何鑫[1] 俞明亮[1] GUO Lei;HUANG ChenYan;SONG HongFeng;SHEN ZhiJun;ZHANG BinBin;MA RuiJuan;SUN Meng;HE Xin;YU MingLiang(Institute of Pomology,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement,Nanjing 210014)

机构地区：[1]江苏省农业科学院果树研究所/江苏省高效园艺作物遗传改良重点实验室,南京210014

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第9期1734-1747,共14页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-30);江苏现代农业(桃)产业技术体系(JATS[2021]425,JATS[2022]426)。

摘　　要：【目的】杂草防治是果树生产中的重要环节,论文旨在评价不同除草剂对桃的安全性并筛选适于桃苗圃和生产园利用的除草剂,为桃产业中化学除草的应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法,选用毛桃苗以及黑麦草、狗牙根、空心莲子草、白三叶草和黄花苜蓿5种草为试材,对13种除草剂的安全性进行初步筛选。根据各除草剂药害等级结果,选择10%精喹禾灵和60%二氯喹啉酸进行混配。按照精喹禾灵有效剂量25、50、75 mL·hm^(-2)3个水平,二氯喹啉酸有效剂量150、300、450 g·hm^(-2)3个水平,共设置形成9个除草剂混配制剂。茎叶喷施处理后7、14、21 d,调查计算杂草抑制率,处理30 d后测定桃苗株高、茎粗、地上和地下部生物量、叶片和根尖细胞电解质渗透率、根系总根长、总根表面积、根体积和根尖数的变化,并基于主成分分析对不同处理的安全性和杂草抑制率进行综合评价。【结果】茎叶喷施处理后,有11种除草剂对桃苗产生药害,桃苗出现不同程度的失绿、萎蔫、枯死等症状,精喹禾灵和二氯喹啉酸对桃苗生长无显著影响。利用精喹禾灵单剂喷施杂草后,处理21 d对禾本科杂草的抑制率为100%,但对阔叶杂草无抑制作用。相反,喷施二氯喹啉酸对禾本科杂草的抑制率为0,对黄花苜蓿、白三叶草、空心莲子草的抑制率范围为80%—100%。精喹禾灵与二氯喹啉酸混配后,9个混配制剂在处理21 d后的杂草总抑制率可达90%以上,同时各制剂对桃苗株高、地上和地下部生物量、叶片和根尖细胞电解质渗透率无显著性影响。综合分析显示,精喹禾灵有效剂量对混配制剂的综合评价D值有较大影响,当精喹禾灵有效剂量提升至75 mL·hm^(-2)时,混配制剂的综合评价D值超过0.563,但D值未出现随二氯喹啉酸有效剂量提升而增大的趋势。【结论】桃苗对多数除草剂敏感,混配是提高精喹禾灵�【Objective】Weed control is an important step for fruit tree production.To investigate the safety of different herbicides,suitable herbicides for peach nurseries and orchards were screened in peach production,which can provide theoretical basis for the application of chemical herbicides in the peach industry.【Method】To preliminarily screen the safety of 13 herbicides,the peach seedlings combined with Lolium perenne,Cynodon dactylon,Alternanthera philoxeroides,Trifolium repens and Medicago falcata were evaluated in pot.Based on the results of the phytotoxicity index of each herbicide,10%quizalofop-p-ethyl and 60%quinclorac were mixed.According to the effective doses of 25,50,and 75 mL·hm^(-2) of quizalofop-p-ethyl and 150,300,450 g·hm^(-2) of quinclorac,a total of 9 herbicide mixtures were established.After 7,14,and 21 d of stem and leaf spraying treatment,the weed inhibition rate was investigated.After 30 d of the treatment,the plant height,stem diameter,aboveground and underground biomass,electrolyte permeability of the leaf and root tip cells,total root length,total root surface area,root volume and root tip number of peach seedlings were also measured.Based on principal component analysis,the safety of different treatments was comprehensively evaluated.【Result】After spraying on the stems and leaves of peach seedlings,11 herbicides caused phytotoxicity in peach seedlings,resulting in varying degrees of symptoms such as chlorosis,wilting,and withering.However,quizalofop-p-ethyl and quinclorac had no significant effect on the growth of peach seedlings.After spraying weeds with a single agent of quizalofop-p-ethyl for 21 d,the inhibition rate of quizalofop-p-ethyl on gramineous weeds was 100%.However,it had no effect on broad-leaved weeds.On the contrary,the inhibition rate of spraying quinclorac on gramineous weeds was 0,and the inhibition rate range of M.falcata,T.repens and A.philoxeroides was 80%to 100%.After being mixed with quizalofop-p-ethyl and quinclorac,the total weed inhibition rate under 9

关 键 词：精喹禾灵 二氯喹啉酸 桃苗 除草剂 综合评价 

分 类 号：S451.243[农业科学—植物保护]