美国冻结和处分俄罗斯主权资产的法律路径与挑战  

Legal Pathways and Challenges for the U.S.in Freezing and Seizing Russian Sovereign Assets

作　　者：郝敏[1] HAO Min

机构地区：[1]国际关系学院法学院

出　　处：《当代美国评论》2024年第1期67-89,130,131,共25页Contemporary American Review

摘　　要：俄乌冲突已持续两年,美国及其欧洲盟友提供的外国援助是乌克兰获得财政资源的最直接的方式。随着对乌援助在国内外面临的经济压力和政治压力不断增大,美国政府不得不开始寻找新的资金来源。拉拢盟友一起冻结和处分俄罗斯的海外主权资产,将之用于协助乌克兰应对冲突和战后重建,成为美国当前最为中意的方案。美国的决策者正在积极研究论证实施该方案的现有法律和政策路径,试图从法理、国内法、司法判例和国际法中发掘充分的法律依据,甚至酝酿推出转移俄罗斯海外主权资产的强制性法案,意图以所谓的“合法手段”达成目的。美国此举的本质是以法律战打经济战,将冻结和处分外国主权资产的手段合法化、正当化,这不仅会伤害美国的软实力,受到国际社会的广泛质疑,还会对解决俄乌冲突带来不利影响。More than two years into the Russia-Ukraine conflict,foreign aid from the United States and its European Allies remains the most direct way for Ukraine to access financial resources.Facing increasing economic and political pressures at home and abroad regarding aid to Ukraine,the U.S.government has been forced to seek new sources of funding.Collaborating with allies to freeze and utilize Russia's overseas sovereign assets to assist Ukraine in coping with the conflict and post-war reconstruction has become a most preferred strategy for America.U.S.policymakers are vigorously exploring the existing legal and policy avenues for the implementation of this strategy,trying to establish legal grounds from general principles of law,constitutional law,legal statutes,judicial precedents,and international law.There is even consideration for introducing mandatory legislation to transfer Russian overseas sovereign assets,all for the purpose of achieving their objectives through so-called“legal means”.The U.S.strategy,which essentially uses legal measures as economic weapons,aims to legitimize and justify the freezing and seizing of Russia's foreign sovereign assets.However,such approaches will not only undermine America's soft power and provoke extensive international critique,but also adversely impact the resolution of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

关 键 词：外国主权资产 法律路径 合法性挑战 《为乌克兰人重建经济繁荣和机会法案》 俄乌冲突 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] D99