平邑甜茶高位嫁接丽嘎拉苹果树冠层内枝类结构和果实品质、产量的分布  

Distribution of branch composition,fruit quality and yield within the tree canopy of Regal Gala/Malus hupehensis Rehd.by top grafting

作　　者：李宏建[1] 于年文[1] 宋哲[1] 张秀美[1] 里程辉[1] 韩丽红[1] 刘影[1] 周家旭 LI Hongjian;YU Nianwen;SONG Zhe;ZHANG Xiumei;LI Chenghui;HAN Lihong;LIU Ying;ZHOU Jiaxu(Liaoning Institute of Pomology,Yingkou 115009,Liaoning,China)

机构地区：[1]辽宁省果树科学研究所,辽宁营口115009

出　　处：《果树学报》2024年第5期887-896,共10页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金：营口市盖州苹果栽培管理科技特派团(2023JH1/0100007);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-27)。

摘　　要：【目的】掌握以平邑甜茶为砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的丽嘎拉苹果树冠层内枝类结构、果实产量和品质的分布特点,为辽宁寒地苹果园建设中应用该种栽培模式,提升果品质量、优化栽培措施提供参考。【方法】以丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶、丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)苹果树为试材,按照冠层分格的方法,将试验树从地面到顶部分成4个冠层,比较不同冠层高度内枝类结构、果实产量和品质的分布差异。【结果】丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)苹果树高、冠径、覆盖率生长速度高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)树体外观表现为“小脚”现象,而丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶表现为“大脚”现象。丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)苹果树枝量、短枝比例高于丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)、丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶枝量分布集中区域为冠层高度>2.00~3.00 m、>3.00 m和>1.00~2.00 m,占全树枝量比例的43.51%、45.37%和47.96%。相同冠层高度内,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)果实单果质量、果形指数、硬度、可滴定酸含量、色差L和a值高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。随着冠层高度的增加,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)、丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶果实硬度、可滴定酸含量呈现下降趋势,而固酸比和色差值(L、a、b)呈现上升趋势。丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)果实产量主要分布在冠层高度>2.00 m的空间区域,占全树产量的69.79%和75.55%,而丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶为>1.00~3.00 m,占比全树产量的74.59%。【结论】以平邑甜茶为砧木,采用高位嫁接的丽嘎拉苹果树枝条数量多、短枝比例高、外观色泽好,树体枝量和果实产量分布集中区域为冠层高度>2.00~3.00 m,该冠层生产的苹果单果质量大、果形指数适中�【Objective】The stock-scion combination of Regal Gala with rootstock of Malus hupehensis Rehd.served as the experimental samples,which were top grafted.The spatial distribution characteristics of branch composition,fruit yield and fruit quality were investigated in different canopy layers,so as to provide a reference for the technical optimization and improvement of fruit quality with this cultivation mode in cold regions of Liaoning province.【Methods】Three types of samples,including Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M.hupehensis Rehd.,Regal Gala on the rootstock of M.hupehensis Rehd.(top grafting),and Regal Gala on the rootstock of M.hupehensis Rehd.(low grafting),were used as experimental materials.In 2020,the basic development status of the test trees was investigated,and indicators included trunk diameter of variety and rootstock,tree height,canopy width(east-west and south-north),coverage rate,etc.The experimental tree was divided into 4 layers according to the canopy height,and the number and proportion of branch types(long shoots,medium shoots and spurs)at different canopy heights were investigated.The differences in fruit yield and quality at different canopy heights among the tested materials were compared.Surveyed indicators included fruit mass,fruit shape index,firmness,soluble solids,titratable acidity,TSS/TA ratio,color difference value(L,a,b),etc.【Results】The growth rate of tree height,canopy width and coverage rate of Regal Gala on the rootstock of M.hupehensis Rehd.(top grafting)was higher than that of Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock on M.hupehensis Rehd..There was difference in the growth rates between the rootstock of M.hupehensis Rehd.and the interstock of GM256.The results showed obvious differences in the variety/rootstock ratio of the apple tree.Regal Gala on the rootstock of M.hupehensis Rehd.(top grafting)showed a‘small foot’(The scion overgrows the stock),but a‘big foot’in Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M.

关 键 词：苹果 枝类结构 品质 产量 树体冠层 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]