“麦迪逊问题”与美国早期国家的发展  

The Madison Problem and the Development of the Early U.S.A.

作　　者：林斌 Lin Bin

机构地区：[1]安徽师范大学历史学院,芜湖241000

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期132-145,215,共15页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

摘　　要：美国是一个联邦制国家,州先于联邦而存在,是独立的主权实体。在制宪建国过程中,州在新的政治秩序中占据什么地位是争论的焦点。著名的“麦迪逊问题”所涉及的不只是麦迪逊个人政治立场是否发生变化,更突出地反映了美国早期国家发展中的路径之争:是构建全新的联邦主权国家,还是尽可能捍卫以州主权为基础的联邦制国家。考察麦迪逊面临的挑战和遭遇的失败,并分析维护州主权的政治人物如何回应联邦主权国家的构建,可以看到迫于反对者的压力,麦迪逊在1787—1788年批准宪法之争时期就已经改变了其之前的国家主义立场,强调维护州主权。这种改变不是发生在联邦政府成立之后。从麦迪逊的视角来看,他此后捍卫州主权的行为是在维护批准宪法时期各方都认可的国家体制,反对联邦政府的集权扩张。America is a federal nation.Before the establishment of a national government,the states were already independent political societies with the attributes of a sovereign state.The confederate congress,created at the outbreak of the American Revolution,had no independent financial resources and needed the support of the states to maintain its existence.In this sense the confederate congress was not a true national government.At this time,the state was the main platform of civic autonomy and was more trusted by the people,while the remote central government,which was not directly controlled by the people,was an object of suspicion.After the victory of the American Revolution,the founders believed that the defects of the political system of the United States were insufficient central power and the centrifugal tendency of the states.It was very difficult for effective national governance.Therefore,political reforms were needed immediately to create new national powers,and the status of the states in the new political order became the focus of debates.The famous Madison Problem not only involved whether James Madison changed his personal political stance,but also highlighted the struggle on the path of development of early American state:to build a new federal sovereign state,or defend the federal system based on state sovereignty as much as possible?To analyze the Madison Problem,one cannot fully accept Madison's unilateral analysis and judgment of the political events and situations at that time,but needs to examine the challenges and failures Madison faced and experienced,what changes he made,and how others had affected him.During the period of American Founding,James Madison thought he had found the answer to save the crisis through systematic theoretical thinking and exploration.He aggressively pushed for nationalistic political reform,asking Americans to challenge and abandon the old order,which centered on state sovereignty,and to build a truly national government that oversees and controls the states.The Virgin

关 键 词：美国早期国家 “麦迪逊问题” 州主权 联邦主义 

分 类 号：K712.4[历史地理—历史学]