清末司法行政机关监督权的确立与运行  

On the Formation and Operating Mechanism of Judicial Administrative Authority's Supervisory Power in Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：刘舟祺 Liu Zhouqi

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学法学院,北京100089

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期175-187,218,共14页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

基　　金：中国社会科学院研究阐释中华民族现代文明重大创新项目“建设中华民族现代文明与构建中国自主法学知识体系研究”(2023YZD053);2020年国家社会科学基金项目“清末民国时期司法改革的顶层设计与省区实践比较研究”(20BFX025)。

摘　　要：自清末法部与大理院分司职掌起,近代司法行政机关监督权体系开始形成。这一监督体系以法部及其直接管辖的提法司、检察厅为中心,以“审判监督权”(对民刑案件的监督)和“司法行政监督权”(对审判人员等监督)为主要内容,由《法部官制》《法院编制法》等法律法规加以确认。在提法司和检察厅的辅助下,法部通过“直达式”(直接监督)和“总汇式”(间接监督)两种途径,监督各级审判活动;以“分任制”为基础,法部赋予提法司及各级审检机关长官监督权,对经费、人事、区划等问题加以监督。各级司法行政机关不仅是司法行政事务的管理机关,也是审判活动的监督机关。由司法行政机关掌握监督权,既受刑部“部权特重”的制度惯性影响,也有皇权借助法部控制司法权的考虑。清末司法行政机关监督模式对民国时期司法监督制度产生了深刻影响。The formation of modern judicial administrative authority's supervisory power began when respective powers of Fa-Bu(Ministry of Justice)and Dali-Yuan(Dali Court)were separated in the late Qing Dynasty.Based on issues such as whether the judicial administrative organs“supervised”or“led”the judicial organs,and whether the core functions of the central judicial administrative organs were“judicial supervision”or“administrative management”,different institutional design schemes emerged.After coordinating the power dispute between the Dali Yuan and Fa-Bu,the Qing court ultimately established the stability and systematization of the supervision system of judicial administrative organs.The system of supervisory power took Fa-Bu and its subordinate Tifa-si and Jiancha-ting as the center.Its main task is“supervision on adjudication”and“supervision by judicial administration”.These were confirmed by laws and regulations including Official System Law of Fa-Bu and Organizational Law of Court.With the assistance of Tifa-si and Jiancha-ting,Fa-Bu supervised judicial activities of all levels by two ways:direct and indirect supervision.On the basis of the“distribution system”,Fa-Bu granted supervisory power to Tifa-si and heads of courts and prosecutors at all levels,and supervised the use of funds,personnel selection,jurisdiction and other issues.Judicial administrative authorities at all levels were not only managers of judicial administration affairs but also supervisors on adjudication.The supervisory power on the judicial organs was controlled by the judicial administrative authorities.The formation of the supervisory power model of judicial administrative organs has three key influencing factors:Firstly,the Qing Dynasty's Xing-Bu(Ministry of Penalty)always had the institutional advantage of“heavy departmental power”.Based on considerations such as reducing reform costs and controlling core departments,the Qing court rebuilt the Fu-Ba on the basis of the Xing-Bu,granting the supervisory power

关 键 词：法部 大理院 提法司 审判监督 司法行政监督 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学]