社会等级的进阶路径及其演化:来自比较研究的启示  

Routes to ascend the social hierarchy and related evolutions:Implications from comparative studies

作　　者：郑明璐 刘林澍 叶浩生[2] ZHENG Minglu;LIU Linshu;YE Haosheng(Department of Psychology,Shanxi Normal University,Taiyuan 030031,China;Center for Mind and Brain Science,Guangzhou University,Guangzhou 510006,China)

机构地区：[1]山西师范大学心理系,太原030031 [2]广州大学心理与脑科学研究中心,广州510006

出　　处：《心理科学进展》2024年第6期951-964,共14页Advances in Psychological Science

摘　　要：社会等级是一个动态演化的多维系统,其获取可分为三大路径。支配路径强调借助攻击与威胁获取资源,在激烈的性选择压力下演化而来。能力路径突出知识/技能对获取地位的作用,源于技术性觅食所产生的文化学习需要。与前两种路径不同,以心理利他为特征的美德路径为人类社会所独有。它是文化演化的产物,其存在是为了解决大规模集体行动的问题。三种路径在存在范围、行为模式和结果、演化动因以及情感介质等方面存在差异。未来研究可进一步澄清不同动物群体性选择模式与支配等级的关系,结合多个学科考察人类能力路径演化的特殊环境,并探究美德路径的生物性基础。Social hierarchies are dynamic multidimensional systems.The dominance route via aggression and threat to acquire resources has evolved under intense sexual selection pressure.By contrast,the competence route,which emphasizes the role of knowledge/skill in gaining status,is a consequence of the evolution of cultural learning driven by the increasing sophistication of foraging techniques.However,the virtue route characterized by psychological altruism is thought to be unique to human-being,and is the result of cultural evolution favoring large-scale collective actions.The three routes are different in the scope of existence,behavioral pattern and outcome,evolutionary cause and emotional medium.Future research could further clarify the relationship between sexual selection patterns and dominance levels in different species.Multi-discipline studies may also be adopted to explore the human environment in which the competence route has evolved,as well as the biological basis of the virtue route.

关 键 词：社会等级 支配路径 能力路径 美德路径 演化成因 

分 类 号：B849[哲学宗教—应用心理学] C91[哲学宗教—心理学]