论汉语语法研究中的主语概念  

On the Notion of Grammatical Subject in Studies of Modern Chinese Grammar

作　　者：陈平[1] Chen Ping(School of Languages and Cultures,The University of Queensland)

机构地区：[1]澳大利亚昆士兰大学语言与文化学院,布里斯班

出　　处：《当代修辞学》2024年第3期1-23,共23页Contemporary Rhetoric

摘　　要：本文研究现代汉语语法主语的辨识和定性。在汉语语法学界结构主义研究传统中,汉语基本句式里哪些成分是句子主语,大多数情况下是没有争议的。我们首先基于这些没有什么争议的例子,找出汉语语法主语有哪些有别于谓语或宾语的区别性特征。文中列出六点,分别是:1)主语所指物体是谓语所指物体集合的真子集;2)主语语义施事性强;3)主语语用话题性强;4)带数量词的主语作宽域解读,而宾语可作宽域或窄域两种解读;5)主语可作关系小句化转换;6)主语可作谓语转换的“的”字结构的指称对象。我们接着使用这六项特征作为检测手段,检查汉语语法研究中主语身份有一定争议的句子成分,根据这些成分显示主语属性的多少或强弱,判断它们的主语性高低。文中所说的汉语主语是原型概念,不同句式甚至同一句式主位上的名词性成分表现出来的主语属性可以有所不同。本文同时讨论这些现象背后的原因。In our investigation,anchored essentially in a constituency-based approach,we have identified the grammatical subject in basic sentences in Chinese.Its distinctive features,setting it apart from both the predicate and the grammatical object,have been determined.These features encompass:1)representing a proper subset of referents within the set of objects referred to by the predicate;2)high agentivity;3)high topicality;4)wide-scope interpretation of its quantifier,contrasting with the wide or narrow scope interpretation of the quantifier of the grammatical object;and(5/6)susceptibility to relativization,and nominalization,notably in the form of the di construction.These features also serve as diagnostic tools for ascertaining the subjecthood of expressions with contentious subject status in Chinese linguistics.The notion of the Chinese grammatical subject under discussion in this article is inherently prototypical.We present our findings,address lingering questions,and offer suggestions for further exploration.

关 键 词：汉语语法主语 话题 主语特征 原型主语 语法理论 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]