现代汉语称谓系统的重新认识——基于“新言语行为分析”理论的考察  

A Reconsideration of the Appellation System in Modern Chinese:An Examination Based on the Theory of"New Speech Act Analysis"

作　　者：胡范铸[1] 胡亦名 Hu Fanzhu;Hu Yiming

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学国家话语生态研究中心,上海200062 [2]上海理工大学沪江学院,上海200093

出　　处：《当代修辞学》2024年第3期51-60,共10页Contemporary Rhetoric

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“以‘新言语行为分析’为核心的汉语修辞学理论研究”(项目编号:19AYY002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：言语主体是语言运用研究的第一性问题,称谓则是其重要的标记系统。可是,对究竟何为“称谓”,“称谓”与“称呼”什么关系,“称谓”是离散的还是系统的,现代汉语的称谓系统是如何构建起来的等一系列问题,迄今依然缺乏深入的讨论。依据“新言语行为分析”理论:称谓的本质是“社会身份指称”,称呼的本质则是“情景角色磋商”。称谓系统并非只是自发性的日常称谓系统,而是包括两大子系统:一是规制性身份系统,二是自发性身份系统。汉语日常称谓系统也并非传统认为的只有“尊称”和“谦称”,而是包含了三种身份类型:一是“尊敬型称谓”,即“尊称”“谦称”;二是“贬低型称谓”,即“傲称”“贬称”;三是“平视型称谓”,即“平称”“近称”“昵称”“婉称”“谐称”。历来认为“姓名”似乎并不能构成“称谓”,因为“姓名”属于专有名词,是“个别化”而非“类型化”的。其实不然,如果把“姓名”看作一个构式,则这一构式就成为“身份”符号的一种特殊形式,也就是“构式称谓”。汉语的日常身份指称只有放在这样一个系统中才可能获得正确的理解。"Appellation"is one of the most fundamental linguistic phenomena in language use.However,there is still a lack of in-depth discussion on a series of issues,such as what is the"appellation",the relationship between"appellation"and""address",whether"appellation"is discrete or systematic,and how the appellation system of modern Chinese is constructed.Based on the theory of New Speech Act Analysis",this paper argues that the essence of appellation lies in"social identity reference",while the essence of addressing lies in"negotiation of situational roles".The appellation system is not merely a spontaneous daily appellation system,but comprises two major subsystems:the regulatory appellation system and the spontaneous appellation system.The daily appellation system in Chinese includes not only the traditional concepts of"honorifics"and"humble terms,"but also three types of identity:1)"honorific appellation",consisting of"honorifics"and"humble terms";2)"derogatory appellation",consisting of"arrogant terms"and"disparaging terms";and 3)"equal appellation",consisting of"neutral terms,""familiar terms,"""pet names,""euphemisms,"and"joking terms."Traditionally,"name"does not seem to constitute an""appellation"because it is a proper noun,representing individualization rather than typification.However,if"name"is viewed as a construction,then it becomes a special form of"identity"symbol,namely"constructional appellation."The correct understanding of Chinese daily identity reference can only be achieved when placed within such a system.

关 键 词：新言语行为分析 规制性身份系统 自发性身份系统 尊敬型称谓 贬低型称谓 平视型称谓 构式称谓 

分 类 号：H136[语言文字—汉语]