晚清论域中的卢梭式“民约”问题——基于“国民”概念的思想史考察  

The Issue of Rousseau’s“Social Contract”in Late Qing Discourse:An Intellectual History Perspective on the Concept of“Guomin”

作　　者：谢丽萍 刘云鹏 XIE Li-ping;LIU Yun-peng(School of International Relations&Public Affairs,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China;School of Government,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210046,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院,上海200433 [2]南京大学政府管理学院,南京210046

出　　处：《山东行政学院学报》2024年第3期77-85,共9页Journal of Shandong Academy of Governance

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金资助项目“中国近代政治知识体系中‘民’概念群的生成及转型研究”(2023M740736);上海市“超级博士后”激励计划资助项目“民国初期知识精英的精神困境与制度实践”(2022107)。

摘　　要：近代中国“国民”概念研究多追溯至晚清,学界主要沿着从臣民到国民的叙事路径展开论述。对于化臣民为国民的概念演进是否为晚清知识精英因应具体现实问题而提出的思想进路,就需要回到“国民”概念提出的思想背景进行分析。卢梭民约论传入晚清中国是重要的思想史事件,其进入晚清论域后改变了知识精英对传统政治的理解。晚清知识精英吸收卢梭民约论中的“奴隶”论述,将“国民”塑造为要摆脱奴性争取自由的政治意象,挑战君民关系的传统基础,进而通过民约论述构建“国”与“民”之间的关联,由此形成晚清中国思考民约问题过程中不同于西洋的思想进路。然而,在晚清论域中,“国民”概念提出的缘由并不是针对“臣民”,而是一种告别“奴隶”的尝试。Studies on the modern concept of“Guomin”in China often trace back to the late Qing Dynasty,mainly following the narrative path from subjects to citizens.However,it is necessary to return to the intellectual background of the concept of“Guomin”to analyze whether the transformation of subjects into citizens was really the way the intellectual elites in the late Qing Dynasty responded to practical problems.The introduction of Rousseau’s social contract theory into late Qing Dynasty was an important event in intellectual history,which changed the intellectual elites’understanding of traditional politics.The intellectual elites absorbed the discourse of“slave”in Rousseau’s social contract theory,shaping“Guomin”as a political image to break free from slavery and fight for freedom.This challenged the traditional foundation of the relationship between the emperor and the people,and then constructed the connection between the state and the people through the discourse of social contract.Therefore,it formed a different approach to the process of thinking about the social contract in late Qing Dynasty compared to the West.Thus,in the late Qing discourse,“subjects”were not the reason for proposing the concept of“Guomin”.Instead,“Guomin”was an attempt to bid farewell to“slave”.

关 键 词：国民 卢梭 民约 奴隶 臣民 

分 类 号：D092[政治法律—政治学]