清代大一统格局下北部边疆民族多元治理政策——以八旗察哈尔喀喇真固木佐领为例  

An Analysis of the Policy of Diversified Ethnic Governance in the Northern Frontier Region of China under the Great Unified Pattern of the Qing Dynasty:The Case of the Kaljan Gumu Niru in the Eight Banners of Chahar

作　　者：苏日朦 SU Rimeng(Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《云南师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期14-22,共9页Journal of Yunnan Normal University：Humanities and Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“八旗察哈尔的形成与清代边疆民族多元治理政策研究”(23CZS036);中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所冷门绝学学科建设专项资助计划“清朝治理北部边疆民族的相关满文档案整理与研究”(2024MZSLMJX005)。

摘　　要：入清后,察哈尔群体分别编入八旗、外藩扎萨克旗系统,其中编入八旗的察哈尔群体有八旗蒙古察哈尔佐领与游牧八旗察哈尔佐领之分。文章基于中国第一历史档案馆藏相关满文佐领根源册与八旗世袭谱档,结合多语种史料以原察哈尔万户散秩斋桑喀喇真固木及其属民编设的察哈尔游牧佐领为例,考述乾隆朝清查并将该佐领定为喀喇真固木家族的世管佐领的过程,认为清朝虽将天聪年间编入八旗的察哈尔群体划为游牧佐领和在京佐领两类,但二者之间的界限并不严格,特别是原领属阶层可在驻京与游牧之间灵活地切换角色,这也说明八旗察哈尔游牧佐领性质与八旗蒙古之间的隶属关系仍处于模棱两可的状态,体现了清朝政府在边疆治理中采纳的“从俗从宜”灵活政策,同时文章通过梳理档案资料清晰地呈现了乾隆时期清查八旗察哈尔佐领根源的基本流程。During the Qing dynasty,the Chahar tribe was separately incorporated into the Eight Banners and the Jasag Banner system.Among them,the Chahar tribe incorporated into the Eight Banners was divided into the Chahar Niru of the Mongolian Eight Banners and the Chahar Niru of the Nomadic Eight Banners.This article is based on the relevant Manchu archives and the hereditary genealogy of historical documents of the Eight Banners in the First Historical Archives of China.Using multilingual historical records and taking the example of the Chahar Nomadic Niru established by the original Chahar jaisang Kajan gumu and its affiliated people,it examines the investigation process of the Qianlong period of the Qing dynasty and its determination of the origin of this niru,and holds that although the Qing dynasty divided the Chahar tribe included in the Eight Banners during the Tiancong period into two systems,the nomadic niru and the Beijing niru,the boundary between the two was not clear,and especially the original feudal class could play flexible roles either in the nomadic place or in Beijing.This also indicates that the nature of the Chahar Niru of the Nomadic Eight Banners and their subordinate relationship with the Mongolian Eight Banners were still ambiguous,reflecting the flexible policy adopted by the Qing government in its border governance“following the customs and adapting to the local conditions”.At the same time,the article presents the basic process of investigating the origins of the the Chahar Niru of the Eight Banners during the Qianlong period based on the study of therelevant archival materials.

关 键 词：大一统 边疆治理 八旗察哈尔 喀喇真固木佐领 中华民族共同体 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]