环境行政处罚对象在租赁关系中的确认  

Confirmation of the Subject of Environmental Administrative Penalty in the Context of Lease Relationship

作　　者：吴满昌[1] 李文凤 WU Manchang;LI Wenfeng(Faculty of Law,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming,Yunnan,China,650500)

机构地区：[1]昆明理工大学法学院,云南昆明650500

出　　处：《贵州大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期66-76,共11页Journal of Guizhou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“环境影响评价制度与排污许可制度的衔接与协同关系研究”(20BFX170)。

摘　　要：在环境行政执法实践中,处罚对象适格是行政处罚成立与否的重要前提。然而,由租赁关系引起责任主体的变化,致使行政机关在认定环境行政处罚对象时陷入困境。损害担责原则是我国环境法的基本原则,它由污染者负担原则演变而来,其责任范围涵盖环境民事、行政和刑事领域。行政执法机关以损害担责原则来确认环境行政处罚对象,符合违法行为人承担行政责任的一般原则。在租赁关系中,当事人约定环境责任的条款有效,但不能改变行政公法责任的承担主体,行政执法机关确认环境行政处罚对象应遵循:对履行环保义务存在有效约定的,由协议约定的一方或第三方履行,但是,确认环境行政处罚对象应以实际违法行为人为准,并坚持损害担责原则和处罚法定原则的路径。此外,基于环境行政法律规范的特别规定,在执法实践中还需要区分污染/破坏环境类违法行为、环境管理制度类违法行为,并结合租赁标的对被处罚对象的确认进行类型化分析。In the practice of environmental administrative law enforcement,the eligibility of the subject of penalty is an important prerequisite for the establishment of administrative penalties.However,the change of responsibility subject caused by lease relationships has put administrative authorities in a predicament when determining the subject of environmental administrative penalties.The principle of liability for damage is a fundamental principle of environmental law in China,derived from the principle of the polluter pays,and its scope of responsibility covers environmental civil,administrative,and criminal fields.Therefore,administrative law enforcement agencies confirm the subject of environmental administrative penalties based on the principle of liability for damage,which is in line with the general principle that the perpetrator should bear administrative responsibility.In lease contracts,the parties may agree on clauses regarding environmental responsibilities,but they cannot change the subject responsible for administrative public law obligations.In the context of lease relationships,when determining the subject of environmental administrative penalties,administrative law enforcement agencies should adhere to the following principles:if there is a valid agreement to fulfill environmental obligations,it should be fulfilled by the first party or the third party specified in the agreement.However,the confirmation of the subject of environmental administrative penalties should be based on the actual perpetrator of the violation,while adhering to the principles of liability for damage and statutory punishment.In addition,based on specific provisions of environmental administrative laws and regulations,it is necessary to differentiate between violations related to pollution/damage to the environment and violations related to environmental management systems.Furthermore,the confirmation of the subject of penalties should be analyzed in a typological manner,taking into account the nature of the lease subject.

关 键 词：环境违法行为 行政责任 租赁关系 损害担责 责任主体 

分 类 号：DF468[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]