氨燃料在燃烧设备中的应用及展望  

Application and prospect of ammonia fuel in combustion facilities

作　　者：张瑞方 张扬[1] 张海[1] ZHANG Ruifang;ZHANG Yang;ZHANG Hai(Key Laboratory of Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education,Department of Energy and Power Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学能源与动力工程系、热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室,北京100084

出　　处：《洁净煤技术》2024年第5期46-55,共10页Clean Coal Technology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFA0716201);清华大学山西清洁能源研究院“揭榜挂帅”资助项目(2023JZ0501001)。

摘　　要：在碳中和战略背景下,氨(NH_(3))作为一种无碳燃料受到广泛关注,近年来在全面开展氨燃料燃烧基础研究的同时,也在多种工业设备上开展应用研究和工程示范。介绍多种应用场景氨燃料经济性的最新进展,综述了氨燃料在燃煤锅炉等燃烧设备中的应用研究进展,重点关注各类应用研究在克服氨燃烧性质较差、NO_(x)排放高两大技术挑战上采取的措施,展望了氨燃料燃烧技术发展前景。工业应用研究表明,氨燃料可通过与原有燃料或H_(2)、甲烷等高活性燃料掺混燃烧提高燃烧强度,甚至可通过预热、催化分解及富氧等措施实现单独燃烧;在各类燃烧设备中降低NO_(x)最普遍有效方法是空气分级燃烧。内燃机中NH_(3)较易稳定燃烧,但NO_(x)排放偏高,控制NO_(x)排放是未来工作重点。NH_(3)燃料在燃气轮机的应用研究主要集中在数值模拟和少量小型燃机试验,实现NH_(3)稳定、低NO_(x)燃烧,但缺乏大型燃机工业研究。NH_(3)燃料在锅炉上应用研究集中在煤粉锅炉中氨煤混燃,我国近期在300 MW煤粉锅炉上开展最大掺NH_(3)热值比为35%的工业试验。发展更高掺NH_(3)比燃烧技术是该应用方向发展的重点。循环流化床(CFB)锅炉NH_(3)燃烧技术具有独特优势,建议重点关注。In the strategical context of carbon neutrality,ammonia(NH_(3)),as a carbon-free fuel,has attracted great attention by the academic communities and industries.In recent year,extensive studies are conducted on the associated combustion fundamentals.In the same time,several application researches and engineering demonstrations to burn NH_(3)in various industrial devices were carried out.Research progress of NH_(3)fuel utilization in coal-fired boiler and other combustion facilities were reviewed,and measures taken to resolve the two issues for NH_(3)combustion,i.e.,the weak stability and high NO_(x)emission were focused on.In addition,some prospects in future research were given.Strategical analyses show that for carbon neutrality,NH_(3)has certain economic advantages over hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas.NH_(3)can be mixed with existing fuel or active fuels such as H_(2)and methane to increase combustion intensity,and can even be solely burned through preheating,catalytic decomposition,and oxygen enrichment measures.The most common and effective method to reduce NO_(x)in industrial devices is air-staged combustion.NH_(3)combustion in IC engines is prone to stable,but NO_(x)emissions are relatively high.Therefore,NO_(x)emission reduction is a key focus of future work.The application research of NH_(3)fuel in gas turbines mainly focus on numerical simulation and a few small-scale gas turbine tests.Stable and low NO_(x)emission have been achieved,but research on large-scale gas turbines is still lacked.The application research on NH_(3)fuel utilization in boilers focus on the co-combustion of NH_(3)with pulverized coals.China is active in NH_(3)-coal combustion research,has recently conducted industrial tests on a 300 MW coal-fired boiler with a maximum NH_(3)to coal calorific ratio of 35%.More research with larger NH_(3)co-firing ratio are needed.Circulating fluidized bed(CFB)boilers are ideal NH_(3)combustion device over the pulverized coal fired boiler,and attention should be paid in the future.

关 键 词：氨燃料 燃烧 工业应用 碳中和 

分 类 号：TK91[动力工程及工程热物理]