马克思关于人的解放理论的政治哲学深蕴——以《德意志意识形态》中“现实的个人”分析为例  

Political Philosophy Implication of Marx's Theory of Human Liberation:Taking the Analysis of “Realistic Individual” in The German Ideology as an Example

作　　者：薛俊强[1] 吴大娟 XUE Junqiang;WU Dajuan(School of Marxism,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China;School of Marxism,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学马克思主义学院,重庆400715 [2]南开大学马克思主义学院,天津300350

出　　处：《北京航空航天大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期8-15,共8页Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics：Social Sciences edition Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目(20FKSB023);重庆市教育委员会哲学社会科学重大理论研究阐释专项课题(19SKZDZX02);重庆市教育委员会人文社会科学研究思政专项重点项目(20SKSZ005);西南大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资助重点项目(SWU2109201)。

摘　　要：在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思以对德国思辨唯心主义哲学抽象化叙事的批判为逻辑前提,主张把对“人”的理解从观念领域回归现实世界,将“现实的个人”置于具体社会历史进程给予分析,将现实个体及其阶级视为政治活动的主体,强调从“粗糙”的物质生产及其承载的社会关系层面把握“人”的本质属性。“现实的个人”是从事实际生产活动的感性力量,“人”在实践过程中将自身的本质力量外化、对象化为历史的发展。马克思指明,在资本主义政治国家和市民社会各自分裂的情形下,“人”被异化为二重化存在的现实,市民社会中的“人”是“现实的个人”,但也是非真实的;政治国家中的个人是真实的,但也是非现实的。资本主义社会关系下的“人”是异化的理性“工具人”,要实现人的个性解放与自由全面发展,必须摆脱唯心主义和非批判的经验主义意识形态的束缚,投入颠覆资本主义私有制的现实斗争之中,将“人”从市民社会的人提升至社会化的人类,进而真正实现每个人的自由而全面发展。In The German Ideology,Marx advocated that the understanding of “human” should return to the secular world from the conceptual domain by taking the criticism of the abstract narrative of German speculative idealism philosophy as the logical premise.That is,he believed that “realistic individuals” should be placed in the specific social and historical process for analysis,and the realistic individuals and their classes should be regarded as the main subjects of political activities.He also emphasized that the essential attributes of “human” should be understood from the level of “rough” material production and the social relations it carries.“Realistic individuals” were the perceptual force engaged in actual production activities.In the process of practice,“human” externalized and objectified his own essential strength into historical development.Marx pointed out that under the circumstances of the separation between capitalist political state and civil society,“human” was alienated into the reality of dual existence,in which the humans in civil society were the realistic individuals,but they were not real,and the individuals in the political state were real,but they were unrealistic.“Human” under the capitalist social relationship was alienated rational “tool man”.In order to realize the liberation and free and all-round development of the humans,it is necessary to get rid of the shackles of idealism and non-critical empiricism ideology and to engage in the realistic struggle to subvert capitalist private ownership,so that the humans can be elevated from the “humans” in civil society to the socialized human beings,and then truly realize the freedom and development of everyone.

关 键 词：马克思 《德意志意识形态》 现实的个人 人的解放 物质生产 政治哲学 

分 类 号：A811[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]