中国稀土全产业链中的环境和健康风险  

Environmental and Health Risks in China’s Rare Earth Industry Chain

作　　者：李顺 韩萧萧 熊竹楠 王凌青[1,2,3] 梁涛 LI Shun;HAN Xiao-xiao;XIONG Zhu-nan;WANG Ling-qing;LIANG Tao(Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation,Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Bejing 100101,China;Sino-Danish College,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 101408,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室,北京100101 [2]中国科学院大学中丹学院,北京101408 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《稀土》2024年第2期143-158,共16页Chinese Rare Earths

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42273024)。

摘　　要：稀土是我国重要战略资源,稀土产业的健康发展具有重要意义。由于稀土矿区资源开发利用模式的粗放,已带来严重生态环境问题和人群健康风险。本文综述了中国稀土采选、冶炼和应用阶段的主要污染问题,归纳了不同类型稀土在各阶段的污染特征,分析了稀土开发对不同人群的健康风险差异,并对稀土产业发展的风险防控提出了建议。已有研究指出:以白云鄂博稀土矿为代表的轻稀土矿开发污染特征为大气污染(粉尘、SO_(2)和气态氟化物),尾矿库存在较大风险;以赣州龙南县为代表的离子型稀土矿开发带来的主要环境问题为土壤和地下水酸化和氨氮污染;职业暴露的稀土工人,其健康影响主要有肺部损伤、尘肺病和放射性辐射;非职业暴露会严重影响儿童的生长发育。Rare earth is an important strategic resource in China, and the healthy development of the rare earth industry is of great significance. Due to the extensive development and utilization mode of rare earth mining area resources, it has brought about serious ecological environment problems and human health risks. This paper summarizes the main pollution problems in the mining, smelting, and application stages of rare earth in China, summaries the pollution characteristics of different types of rare earths at each stage, analyses the differences in the health risks of rare earth development for different human, and makes recommendations for the prevention and control of risks in the development of the rare earth industry. It has been pointed out that the pollution characteristics of light rare earth mine development represented by the Bayan Obo rare earth mine are air pollution(dust, SO_(2), and gaseous fluoride), and there are great risks in the tailings reservoir. The main environmental problems caused by the development of ionic rare earth mines represented in Longnan County, Ganzhou City, are soil and groundwater acidification and ammonia nitrogen pollution. The health effects of occupational exposure of rare earth workers mainly include lung injury, pneumoconiosis, and radioactive radiation. Non-occupational exposure can seriously affect the growth and development of children.

关 键 词：稀土 产业链 环境和健康风险 

分 类 号：X820.4[环境科学与工程—环境工程]