论刑法中未必的危险  

On the Possible Danger in Criminal Law

作　　者：曾文科 Zeng Wenke

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学,北京100088

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（刑事法学）》2023年第12期21-37,共17页criminal law

基　　金：教育基金会高等院校青年教师基金资助项目“新时代非刑罚性犯罪制裁措施改革的理念、路径与方案”(项目编号:171078)的阶段性成果;中国政法大学青年创新团队项目资助。

摘　　要：未必的危险,是面对人类认知事物的能力极限时,为积极周全地保护可能存在的法益,而有必要在刑法中明确其构造与功能的重要解释工具,可有效说明部分未遂犯的处罚根据与部分犯罪的罪质。未必的危险是独立的危险类型,构造上有别于确定的危险(包括具体危险、抽象危险等),指行为与现实出现的法益实际受损结果之间具有因果上的高度盖然性。达至既遂的未必的危险是一种法律评价,以凭借人类认知能力无法查明法益状况这一“行为时”确定的事实为前提,超出了有利被告原则的射程。未必的危险犯在类型上包括行为时无法查明法益本身事实上是否存在(如巨额财产来源不明罪),法益是否被有效放弃(如负有照护职责人员性侵罪),以及是否保护了更加优越利益(如非法植入基因编辑、克隆胚胎罪)等三种情形。The concept of"possible danger"is an important interpretation tool,for which it is necessary to clarify its structure and functions in criminal law in order to actively and comprehensively protect the possible legal interests when the situation is beyond the cognition capability of human beings,and may effectively explain the basis for punishing some attempted offenses and the nature of some offenses.The possible danger is an independent type of danger which is structurally different from certain danger(including concrete danger,abstract danger,etc.),means a high probability of causality between the behavior and the realistically-occurring result of actual damage to legal interests.The possible danger up to a completed offense is a kind of legal evaluation,which is beyond the reach of the principle of in dubio pro reo on the premise of the fact determined"at the time of the behavior"that the situation of legal interests cannot be ascertained.The possible danger includes three types,in each of which it is unable to ascertain whether the legal interest itself exists in reality(e.g.the crime of holding a huge amount of property without identified sources);whether the legal interest has been effectively abandoned(e.g.the crime of sexual assault by a person with care-taking duty),and whether more important interests have been protected(e.g.the crime of illegally implanting genetically edited or cloned human embryos).

关 键 词：未必的危险 未遂犯 巨额财产来源不明罪 负有照护职责人员性侵罪 非法植入基因编辑、克隆胚胎罪 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]