防卫过当减免处罚适用实证研究--基于1456份判决书的分析  

An Empirical Study on Application of Punishment Mitigation and Exemption for Excessive Defense:Based on the Analysis of 1456 Judgments

作　　者：陆凌[1] Lu Ling

机构地区：[1]广西大学法学院,广西南宁530000

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（刑事法学）》2023年第5期133-145,共13页criminal law

基　　金：2020年国家社会科学基金项目“正当防卫司法认定规则实证研究与理论重述”(项目编号:20BFX059)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：防卫过当在司法实践中是否起到减轻或者免除处罚的作用,有待检验。以1456份判决书为样本,经x检验与回归分析,发现防卫过当整体上对于免除处罚、判处较低刑罚幅度、减少刑期具有显著正向影响,但其仅在轻伤案件中起到免除处罚的作用,且对轻伤案件的减轻处罚无影响。综合分析实证结论,发现防卫过当减免处罚适用主要存在以下问题:防卫过当在重伤、死亡案件中对于免除处罚不具有显著影响,免除处罚整体上适用率低;防卫过当减轻处罚的作用未完整发挥,且其对基准刑的调节比例偏低;轻伤相关刑罚裁量错乱。对此,应作如下改善:将轻伤排除出“重大损害”的范围,且将轻伤及其具体人数纳入增加刑罚量、确定基准刑的考量;对于轻微过当、一般过当予以免除处罚;明确防卫过当对基准刑的调节比例为50%-70%,并根据过当的严重程度适用不同比例。In judicial practice,whether excessive defense acts in punishment mitigation and exemption remains to be tested.Taking 1456 judgments as samples,through x^(2) test and regression analysis,it is found that excessive defense as a whole has a significant positive impact on the exemption of punishment,lower range of penalty and reduction of sentence term,but it only plays the role of exemption from punishment in minor injury cases,and has no impact on the mitigation of punishment in minor injury cases.Based on the empirical results,it is found that there exist the main problems in the application of punishment mitigation and exemption for excessive defense as follows:excessive defense has no effect on punishment exemption in serious injury and death cases,and the overall application rate of punishment exemption is low;the role of punishment mitigation for excessive defense is not fully played,and the adjustment proportion of benchmark punishment is low;the discretion of penalty for minor injury is disordered.In this re-gard,we should make the following improvements:exclude minor injury from the scope of"major damage",and take minor injury and the number of injured person into the consideration for determination of benchmark punishment and increasing the penalty;punishment for minor and general excessive defense shall be exempted;clearly stipulates that the adjustment ratio of excessive defense to the benchmark punishment is 50%~70%,and different proportion should be applied according to the severity of excessive defense.

关 键 词：防卫过当 免除处罚 减轻处罚 实证分析 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]