我国刑法中的积极悔罪条款:法理基础与立法模式  

Clauses on Positive Repentance in Chinese Criminal Law:Jurisprudential Basis and Legislative Model

作　　者：张志钢 Zhang Zhigang

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（刑事法学）》2023年第10期5-18,共14页criminal law

基　　金：2021年度国家社会科学基金一般项目“生态环境犯罪责任归属研究”(21BFX062)的研究成果。

摘　　要：作为犯罪既遂后减免刑罚的特殊规定,积极悔罪与中止极为类似又截然不同。散见于分则诸条文缺乏统一定义的积极悔罪条款,因刑事政策目标不同存在固有的内部类型差异,可分为预防型与补偿型。旨在有效阻碍法益侵害的预防型积极悔罪接近于中止,其减免处罚的法理根据是行为人视角下刑罚目的论与刑罚处罚前置化;补偿型积极悔罪主要是填补已然造成的实质法益侵害,其减免处罚的法理根据首先是被害人保护。因积极悔罪条款不具有类推可能性,日益增长的实体规范需求只能诉诸立法来实现。现行纯粹分则性的立法模式无法满足旺盛的实践需要且弊病丛生,纯粹总则性的立法模式不能顾及积极悔罪的内部类型差异,也无法与中止犯协调,务实的选择是将预防型积极悔罪类比中止置于总则中,采用分则模式的补偿型积极悔罪可以考虑设置跨构成要件的类罪模式。Positive repentance,as a special provision on the remission of criminal penalty for accomplished offenses,bears great resemblance to,but is essentially different from,discontinuation.Scattered in special provisions of the Criminal Law,clauses on positive repentance lack internal integrity due to the diverse criminal policy objectives.However,two functional types of positive repentance can be found in the current clauses,namely,preventive positive repentance and compensatory positive repentance.Preventive positive repentance is more commonly seen in the constitutive elements of early intervention of criminal penalty,such as dangerous crime,attempted act crime and illegal possession.In these crimes,the separation between formal accomplishment and substantial accomplishment leads to a“post-crime space”,making it possible for the perpetrator to take active action to avoid the result of legal interest infringement.On account of this,the underlying jurisprudential basis of punishment remission for preventive positive repentance is the realization of the purpose of criminal penalty as well as the early intervention of criminal penalty from the perspective of the perpetrator.Besides,compensatory positive repentance is mainly prescribed in provisions on economic crimes and property crimes where the result of legal interest infringement can be calculated by the amount of property loss,aiming at making up the consequent substantial legal harm,and the jurisprudential basis of punishment remission is victim protection.If the internal differences in the types of positive repentance are ignored,the diverse policy objectives behind various clauses will inevitably also be neglected,thus affecting the choice of legislative mode of positive repentance clauses.The randomness of positive repentance clauses in the current law does not mean that there is a legal loophole.Allowing the application by analogy of positive repentance will impede the achievement of the substantive justice pursued by application by analogy,thereby further

关 键 词：积极悔罪条款 刑罚裁量 类推适用 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]