“圈层型”流通:商业资本对接小生产者的逻辑与策略  

"Circular-structured"Agricultural Products Circulation:Dynamics and Strategies of Commercial Capital's Linking to Petty Commodity Producers

作　　者：陈义媛[1] Chen Yiyuan

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学人文与发展学院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（农业经济研究）》2023年第6期93-105,共13页AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金项目“京郊农村小农户与现代农业有机衔接的路径”(编号:20SRB003)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本文通过考察农产品流通的内在逻辑,以及商业资本对接小生产者、建立稳定货源的策略,讨论了商业资本对中国农业转型的影响。基于对6个地区的调研,本文认为,尽管中国的农产品流通表现为大量小生产者与大量中小流通企业的对接,但这种对接呈现“圈层型”特征,即不同层级的中间商在农产品流通中所对接的购、销主体都是相对稳定的,产地中间商收购的绝大部分农产品是由相对固定的小生产者提供的,销地中间商收购的绝大部分农产品也是由相对固定的产地中间商提供的。这种“圈层型”流通结构建立在3层逻辑基础上:第一,各参与主体之间基于长期博奔形成的信任关系可以大大降低交易成本;第二,购销双方所建立的契约具有非正式性,缔约双方可以灵活调整契约关系,更好地分担风险;第三,各级收购方均通过“以销定采”降低滞销风险。在这一结构下,商业资本借助乡村社会非正式资源,一方面通过策略性地利用和建构人情关系,另一方面通过为小生产者提供无息贷款,在不直接介入农业生产的情况下也能获得稳定的货源供应。不过,这种纵向一体化策略虽然使小生产者在生产环节保持了表面的“自主性”,但小生产者在全产业链中仍处于劣势地位。因此,有必要探索使小生产者可以组织起来参与市场交易的路径。This study explores how commercial capital shapes China's agrarian transformation by looking into the internal logic of agricultural product circulation,as well as the strategies that middlemen adopt in order to keep a stable supply of products.It finds that China's agricultural product circulation is"circular-structured",which means each layer of middlemen is connected with relatively stable suppliers of products and relatively stable buyers.The internal dynamics of such a structure are as follows.First,the mutual trust established between the participants based on long-term games can greatly reduce transaction costs.Second,the contracts established by trading partners on both sides are informal and flexible,which allows them to share risks by making contractual adjustments.Third,the purchasers at all levels are able to make purchase decisions based on their projection of potential sales volume,which reduces the risks of unsalable sales.In this context,by strategically using and constructing renqing relations,as well as providing interest-free loans to petty commodity producers,commercial capital manages to establish a steady supply of goods without getting directly involved in agricultural production.Petty commodity producers who are incorporated in the agricultural industrial chains by these vertical integration strategies are rendered vulnerable even if they could retain autonomy in production.In this sense,it is necessary to explore a path for petty commodity producers to organize and participate in market transactions.

关 键 词：商业资本 小农户 纵向一体化 中间商 农产品流通 

分 类 号：F323.9[经济管理—产业经济]