在开端处研究开端——我国现行宪法历史探源初步  

Towards a Historiography of the Beginning of the 1982 Constitution——From the Perspective of the Multiple Levels of Its Textual History

作　　者：田雷[1,2] Tian Lei

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学法学院 [2]华东师范大学社会主义历史与文献研究院

出　　处：《南大法学》2024年第3期43-61,共19页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“法治建设视野下的中央和地方关系实证研究”(项目号23AFX002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“八二宪法”作为我国现行宪法已实施超过四十周年,四十年意味着这部宪法形成了自己的历史,而现行状态则表明这部宪法自身并未成为历史,以四十年的历史作为时间的长河,返回宪法时间的开端处,构成了我们观察“八二宪法”整体秩序的一种重要方法。本文以彭真同志在宪法起草期间的一首诗作为论述的结构,依次论述了四个关于八二宪法开端的历史命题。其一,“八二宪法”的开端是一个三部曲的结构,由宪法修改草案的起草、草案的审议、通过和公布实施、与作为新宪法而实施的第一个五年组成;其二,返回开端,我们可以还原某种进行时的状态,观察甚至是“预判”现行宪法文本的形成过程,概括宪法起草者的“宪法观”及其文本理念,三方面分别是宪法是“纲要”,是“定型化”,文本变动限于“非常必要”。其三,作为共和国的第四部宪法,“八二宪法”的诞生,发生在我国社会主义民主与法制建设新时期的开端,它所要完成的是一场“大转变”,一场“讲法,要有宪法”的历史变革。其四,“稳定性”是宪法起草者在成文时的自觉追求,但“长期稳定”这个概念及其标准,却是内在于新宪法实施历程而形成的,“八二宪法”之所以做到了长期的稳定,就本文论述所及,主要归功于宪法起草者“有所不为”的文本策略。At the moment of the fortieth anniversary of the 1982 Constitution,a time gap of forty years has been formed between its original ratification by the NPC plenary session and the ever-evolving present stage from which we can observe its beginnings,thus it is time for us to construct a historical-legal method to study this fundamental law for the past forty years.This article,based on a careful review of the drafting documents,revisits the historic beginning of the constitutional time configurated by the 1982 Constitution and proposes four historical themes about the constitutional beginning at the threshold of the then new period,in the narrative structure corresponding to a poem written by Peng Zhen.Firstly,the beginnings of the 1982 Constitution can be interpreted as a trilogy,consisting of the drafting of the document,its wide discussion and ratification,and the first five years of its implementation.Secondly,the storytelling art of the beginnings presupposes that the drafting process is still open,which permits a historical vintage point to observe and even“predict”the process of its text forming and summarizes the constitution vision of its drafters and their conception of the written constitution.Thirdly,as the fourth constitution of the PRC,the birth of the 1982 Constitution,has been embedded in the historical turn of the body politic.As an integral part of socialist democracy and rule of law construction,it aims to complete a“great transition”of statecraft in Peng Zhen’s words.Fourth,stability has been a conscious aim during the drafting process,but the concept of“long-term stability”and its criteria await to take shape in the practices of the new Constitution,which is the self-restraint culture of this fundamental law throughout the reform and opening-up era.

关 键 词：“八二宪法” 彭真 宪法修改 宪法观 定型化 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]