走出疑古与释古之争——故事形态学与“层累成长的中国古史说”建构  

Out of Debate Between Questioning and Interpreting Documents of Antiquity:Morphology of Folktale and Constructing Theory of Accumulative Evolving History of Ancient China

作　　者：黄东阳 成祖明 HUANG Dong-yang;CHENG Zu-ming

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院,江苏省南京市210023

出　　处：《南京大学学报（哲学．人文科学．社会科学）》2024年第2期80-99,159,160,共22页Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(20BZX073)。

摘　　要：自顾颉刚先生提出“层累地造成的中国古史”说以来,一场围绕古史真伪的百年学术之争在疑古学派与释古学派间展开,从某种意义上书写了整个中国近代学术史,但在这场学术之争中,作为历史研究前提,文本的文学考察严重缺位。普罗普的故事形态学可帮助我们辨识古史传说中深层的故事形态结构并为我们走出疑古与释古之争提供理论支持。通过对顾颉刚先生和后来很多研究古史传说学者的重要起点——鲧禹传说的故事形态考察可知,鲧禹与尧舜传说都有着悠长的生长过程,鲧禹传说有着不同的生长源头,它们通过两个回合的形态结合,奠定了层累叙事的基础结构,尧舜传说进而融入这一深层结构中,形成了古史并层累附着于其上,成为尧舜及后来禅让叙事的基础性底层结构。当禅让制作为一种政治思潮出现时,整个传说经历了一场文人化的历史改造,在尚贤理想政治的不断建构与调适中,越来越多的诸贤汇入其中,形成了一个声势浩大的帝廷,并在与现实政治实践的碰撞中增益调整。很多古史传说在以民间神话或故事形态进入书写文本之前,就已经历了一个漫长的民间流传过程,进而形成层累的现象,并且在进入书写文本之后也会经历一些重构和改造,但其本身绝非战国某家凭空臆造的作伪。换言之,古史形成不是一个人为“层累伪造或编造”的过程,而是一个“层累成长”或“层累生长”的过程。顾颉刚先生“层累地造成”说,不应是层累的“伪造”,而是一种在传说语境中“层累地成长”或“层累地生成”,我们将之称为“层累成长的中国古史说”,以修正顾先生之论。Since Gu Jiegang proposed his theory of“the accumulation of layers in ancient Chinese ry”,histo-a century long academic debate on the authenticity of ancient history has taken place between the skeptical and interpretive schools,and in a sense,the entire modern academic ry histo-of China has thus been written.However,in this academic debate,as a prerequisite for torical his-research,the literary examination of texts is seriously lacking.The story morphology of Propp may help us identify the deep structure of narratives in ancient historical legends,and provide theoretical support for us to overcome the debate between questioning and interpreting the past.Through the investigation of the story form fo Gu Jiegang and many later scholars who studied the ancient history and legends,it can be seen that both the legends of Gun and Yu as well as Yao and Shun have a long process of growth.The legends of Gun and Yu have different sources of growth,and through the combination of two rounds of form,they establish the basic structure of layered narrative.The legend of Yao and Shun then integrates into this deep ture,struc-forming ancient history,and layer by layer attached to it,becoming the fundamental un-derlying structure of narratives for Yao and Shun and later emperors’abdications from the throne.When abdications emerged as a political trend,the entire historical legend underwent a historical transformation into a more scholarly form.In the continual construction and adjustment of the ideal politics of the virtuous,more and more sages merged into it,forming a grand imperial court and gaining adjustments in the collision with real political practice.Many ancient historical legends have gone through a long folk transmission before entering written texts in the form of folk myths or tales,thus forming a layered phenomenon.After entering written texts,they also undergo some reconstruction and transformation,but they themselves are not fabricated by someone in the Warring States Period from thin air.In other words,the

关 键 词：故事形态学 普罗普 鲧禹神话 禅让 中国古史 

分 类 号：K092[历史地理—历史学]