贵州烟田杂草防控除草剂筛选与安全性评价  

Screening and Safety Evaluation of Herbicides for Weed Control in Tobacco Fields in Guizhou

作　　者：郭涛 余知和[1] 薛原 姜超英 陈丽莉 王莹 汪汉成 陈立 林木森 高贵 GUO Tao;YU Zhihe;XUE Yuan;JIANG Chaoying;CHEN Lili;WANG Ying;WANG Hancheng;CHEN Li;LIN Musen;GAO Gui(College of Life Sciences,Yangtze University,Jingzhou 434025,China;Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Sciences,Guiyang 550081,China;Anshun City Company of Guizhou Tobacco Company,Anshun 561000,China;Guizhou Provincial Company of China National Tobacco Corporation,Guiyang 550081,China;Zunyi Daozhen Branch of Guizhou Tobacco Company,Daozhen 563500,China;Qianxinan Prefecture Company of Guizhou Province Tobacco Company,Xingyi 562400,China)

机构地区：[1]长江大学生命科学学院,湖北荆州434025 [2]贵州省烟草科学研究院,贵州贵阳550081 [3]贵州省烟草公司安顺市公司,贵州安顺561000 [4]中国烟草总公司贵州省公司,贵州贵阳550081 [5]贵州省烟草公司遵义市公司道真分公司,贵州道真563500 [6]贵州省烟草公司黔西南州公司,贵州兴义562400

出　　处：《河南农业科学》2024年第5期112-122,共11页Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：贵州省烟草公司遵义市公司项目(2022XM07);贵州省烟草公司安顺市公司项目(2024ASXM06);贵州省人才项目(GCC[2022]028-1);中国烟草总公司科技项目[110202101048(LS-08)];贵州省科技创新人才团队项目(黔科合平台人才-CXTD[2023]021)。

摘　　要：为了解贵州烟田杂草种类,筛选安全高效的杂草防控除草剂并评价其安全性,调查贵州烟田杂草的危害状况,评价8种除草剂(960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC、480 g/L嗪草酮SC、30%草甘膦AS、81.5%乙草胺EC、30%二氯吡啶酸AS、20%敌草快AS、108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC和36%草铵·草甘膦AS)对烟田杂草芽前和茎叶处理的防效及烟草的安全性。结果显示,烟田共有杂草26科43属49种,以蓼科、菊科和禾本科杂草种类居多,常见有尼泊尔蓼、藜、野苋、繁缕、荠菜、牛膝菊、马唐、稗和香附子等9种。供试除草剂表现出不同的杂草防控效果,其中乙草胺、精异丙甲草胺和嗪草酮芽前土壤封闭处理及草甘膦、草铵·草甘膦、敌草快和嗪草酮芽后茎叶处理对烟田杂草群体的防效在90.41%~97.71%,二氯吡啶酸和高效氟吡甲禾灵对杂草防除具选择性,分别对菊科和禾本科杂草有一定的防效。乙草胺和精异丙甲草胺以推荐剂量进行土壤处理时对烟草安全,但高倍剂量会产生药害;高效氟吡甲禾灵、草甘膦、敌草快和草铵·草甘膦在定向喷雾杂草茎叶时对烟草相对安全;嗪草酮和二氯吡啶酸土壤处理和茎叶处理均对烟草产生严重药害。综上所述,精异丙甲草胺和乙草胺适合在推荐剂量下用于土壤封闭处理控制草害,高效氟吡甲禾灵适用于茎叶处理防除禾本科杂草,草甘膦、敌草快和草铵·草甘膦可用于烟田垄间严格定向喷雾杂草茎叶防控除草,嗪草酮和二氯吡啶酸不适用于烟田杂草防除。In order to understand the weed species in the tobacco fields of Guizhou,screen for safe and efficient weed control herbicides and evaluate their safety,we investigated the hazardous conditions of weeds in the tobacco fields of Guizhou,and evaluated the efficacy of eight herbicides(960 g/L S⁃metolachlor EC,480 g/L metribuzin SC,30%glyphosate AS,81.5%acetochlor EC,30%clopyralid AS,20%diquat AS,108 g/L haloxyfop⁃R⁃methyl EC and 36%glufosinate⁃ammonium⁃glyphosate AS)by pre⁃emergence and stem⁃leaf control of weeds in tobacco fields,as well as their safety to tobacco.The results showed that there were a total of 49 species of weeds in 26 families and 43 genera in the tobacco fields,with Polygonum,Asteraceae and Gramineae weed species predominating,and there were nine common species of Polygonum nepalense,Chenopodium album,Amaranthus vividis,Stellaria media,Capsella bursa‑pastoris,Galinsoga parviflora,Digitaria sanguinalis,Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus rotundus.The tested herbicides showed different weed control effects,among which the pre⁃emergence soil sealing treatments of acetochlor,S⁃metolachlor and metribuzin and the post⁃emergence stem⁃leaf treatments of glyphosate,glufosinate⁃ammonium⁃glyphosate,diquat and metribuzin had a population control effect of 90.41%—97.71%against weeds in the tobacco fields,and clopyralid and haloxyfop⁃R⁃methyl were selective for weeds control and were effective against Asteraceae and Gramineae weeds,respectively.Soil treatments of S⁃metolachlor and acetochlor were safe for tobacco at recommended dosage,but were harmful at high dosage.Haloxyfop⁃R⁃methyl,glyphosate,diquat and glufosinate⁃ammonium⁃glyphosate were relatively safe for tobacco in targeted spraying of them on weed stems and leaves.Both soil treatment and stem⁃leaf treatment of metribuzin and clopyralid caused serious harm to tobacco.In conclusion,S⁃metolachlor and acetochlor were suitable for soil sealing treatment to control weeds at recommended dosage,haloxyfop⁃R⁃meth

关 键 词：烟田 杂草种类 除草剂 防效 药害 芽前处理 茎叶喷施 

分 类 号：S451.223[农业科学—植物保护]