语义融合与汉语非典型宾语结构  

Semantic incorporation and non-canonical objects in Chinese

作　　者：罗琼鹏[1] 郭锐[2] LUO Qiongpeng;GUO Rui

机构地区：[1]南京大学文学院,南京 [2]北京大学中文系,北京

出　　处：《中国语文》2024年第3期301-316,383,共17页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目“跨语言视阈下现代汉语名词融合研究”(2022SJZD121);国家语委重大委托项目“新文科背景下的语言学学科建设研究”(ZDA145-7)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：汉语非典型宾语结构具有一些异于常规动宾短语的特性,如语义上的规约性、弱组合性、较低的话语透明性等。这些特性在当前生成句法取向的各类研究中尚未获得充分阐释,也对当前语义学中的现有理论提出了挑战。文章结合跨语言语料提出,非典型宾语结构宜归为汉语类型的语义融合现象,即动词和宾语在语义上结合紧密,宾语信息被背景化,组成次短语层面的谓词复合体的语法过程。为解决非典型宾语结构的语义组合问题,文章提出,非典型宾语结构中动词和宾语的组合经由调节函数进行。调节函数如同语义粘剂,让不存在直接论旨选择关系的动宾在语义上的组合成为可能。调节函数的具体赋值受语用因素的制约,非典型宾语可以作为工具、方式、处所等角色的论旨自由性正是这一机制的外在实现。文章进一步彰显了汉语非典型宾语现象所蕴藏的普遍价值,为从“形式-意义”相结合的角度考察短语/次短语不同层面的现象提供了可行之框架,并为汉语界面机制(语用-句法、语用-语义)的探索进行了形式化尝试。Non-canonical object constructions(NCOCs)in Chinese exhibit a constellation of properties,such as conventionalized meanings,weak compositionality,low discourse transparency etc.which distinguish them from canonical VPs.NCOCs pose challenges against both contemporary syntactic theory and standard formal semantics.Based on cross-linguistic data,the paper proposes that NCOCs are better treated as instances of semantic incorporation,viz.a grammatical process by which the object is backgrounded and incorporated with the verb into a sub-phrasal predicate complex.The collocation between the verb and the object is achieved via mediating functions which,like semantic glue,can"bind"two constituents that do not present a direct thematic relation together.Such mediating functions are pragmatically-regulated over a set of thematic roles,e.g.instrument,location,manner,reason,time etc.and the relatively free choice of the thematic role of NCOCs is a natural consequence of this mediating mechanism.The present account leads to three consequences:(i)it further underscores the universal value of NCOCs with a wider cross-linguistic perspective;(ii)it provides a feasible formal framework at the syntaxsemantics interface to deal with phrasal/sub-phrasal phenomena;(ii)it offers a plausible approach to issues related to pragmatics-syntax and pragmatics-semantics interfaces.

关 键 词：非典型宾语 语义融合 语用关涉 调节函数 句法-语义界面 

分 类 号：H136[语言文字—汉语]