苏联氢弹研制科学理论基础的奠定——核聚变理论工作(1946—1953)  

Laying of the Scientific-theoretical Basis for the Development of the Soviet Hydrogen Bombs——Theoretical Work on Nuclear Fusion(1946—1953)

作　　者：张广翔[1] 高腾 ZHANG Guang-xiang;GAO Teng(Northeast Asian Research Center,Jilin University,Changchun 130012,Jilin)

机构地区：[1]吉林大学东北亚研究中心,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《陕西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期48-60,共13页Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“苏联核计划档案文献资料翻译整理研究”(15ZDB064)。

摘　　要：1946—1953年间,苏联4个科研团队的核聚变理论工作,既是苏联氢弹研制的首要工作,也是苏联核计划的重要组成部分,为氢弹研制奠定了科学理论基础。库尔恰托夫团队负责分析情报信息并向政府提供建议,对其他小组的工作进行管理并开展了少许的理论研究工作;泽利多维奇小组是苏联最早对轻核聚变可行性进行研究的团队,开展了与“管式构型”氢弹相关的核聚变理论工作;朗道小组从工作伊始就探索核聚变理论的实际应用问题,就两种构型的氢弹开展了重要的理论计算工作;塔姆小组提出并完善了“层式构型”氢弹的设计构想,并开展了与此相关的核聚变理论工作,在苏联首枚氢弹的研制中发挥了关键作用。他们开展的核聚变理论工作为苏联氢弹研制的设计理论、技术理论等理论问题提供了科学依据,在热核装药的选择、引爆问题、爆炸过程、能量释放以及试爆工作等实际问题的解决中起到了极其重要的理论指导作用。核聚变理论工作不仅为苏联氢弹研制的成功提供了理论保障,而且在某种程度上还加深了核裂变理论的相关研究,进而构建并强化了苏联核武体系的科学理论基础,而且还进一步改进了对原子弹、氢弹的研发工作,大大增强了苏联的国防力量。The theoretical work on nuclear fusion by four Soviet scientific groups between 1946 and 1953 was both the primary work on the development of the Soviet hydrogen bombs and an important part of the Soviet Nuclear Program,offering of the scientific-theoretical basis for the development of the hydrogen bombs.The Kurchatov group analyzed intelligence information and provided advice to the government,managed the work of other scientific teams and carried out a little bit of theoretical work.The Zelidovich team was the first Soviet scientific team to study the feasibility of light fusion,carrying out theoretical work on fusion related to the“tubular configuration”hydrogen bomb.From the very beginning,the Landau team began to explore the practical application of nuclear fusion theory,and carried out important theoretical calculations on two configurations of hydrogen bombs.The Tam team proposed and improved the design concept of the“layered configuration”hydrogen bomb,carried out the related theoretical work on nuclear fusion,and played a key role in the development of the first hydrogen bomb in the Soviet Union.The theoretical work on nuclear fusion carried out by them provided the scientific basis for the design theory,technical theory and other theoretical problems in the development of the Soviet Union's hydrogen bombs,and played an extremely important theoretical guidance role in the selection of thermonuclear charges,the problem of detonation,the process of explosions,the release of energy,the work of test explosions and the solution of other practical problems.The theoretical work on nuclear fusion not only provided theoretical guarantees for the success of the development of the Soviet hydrogen bombs,but also,to some extent,deepened research related to the theoretical work on nuclear fission,which in turn constructed and strengthened the scientific-theoretical basis of the Soviet nuclear weapon system,and carried out further improvements to the Soviet atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs,which greatly strengt

关 键 词：核聚变理论工作 核物理研究 氢弹研制 苏联科学家 苏联核计划 

分 类 号：K512.55[历史地理—历史学]