日本收入差距与分配制度及其对中国共同富裕的借鉴  

Japan’s income gap and distribution system and its references for China’s common prosperity

作　　者：闫坤 刘诚[2] 李清如[3] Yan Kun;Liu Cheng;Li Qingru

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院日本研究所党委 [2]中国社会科学院财经战略研究院 [3]中国社会科学院日本研究所

出　　处：《全球化》2024年第3期44-54,135,共12页Globalization

基　　金：国家社会科学基金社科学术社团主题学术活动资助项目“日本收入分配制度及其对中国推动共同富裕的政策启示研究”(22STA034)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在新时代,中国已进入推进共同富裕的发展阶段。本文通过对长期事实做系统分析,从三次分配角度探究日本缩小收入差距的经验及其教训。研究发现:初次分配环节,日本通过先进制造业提高劳动生产率,保障了普通工人的高收入并维持了较高的劳动者收入份额;再次分配环节,日本利用直接税和社会保障调节收入,降低了社会不平等程度;第三次分配环节,日本积极发挥非营利组织的慈善捐赠和企业的社会责任,起步晚但发展快;但近30年的经济低迷抑制了日本人均收入的增长,使之失去了改善收入分配的持久动力。借鉴日本的经验教训,中国应在保持中高速经济增长基础上提升制造业发展质量,提高劳动收入份额,全面优化三次分配制度,并妥善处理老龄化、财富分配不均、数字产业变革等风险和机遇,加快推进共同富裕。In the new era,China has entered a development stage of promoting common prosperity.Through systematic analysis of long-term facts,this article explores Japan’s experience and lessons in narrowing the income gap from the perspective of three distributions.The study found that:in the primary distribution stage,Japan has improved labor productivity through advanced manufacturing,ensuring high income for ordinary workers and maintaining a high share of labor income;in the redistribution link,Japan uses direct taxes and social security to adjust income and reduce social inequality;in the third distribution stage,Japan actively leverages the charitable donations of non-profit organizations and corporate social responsibilities,starting late but developing rapidly;however,the economic downturn in the past three decades has suppressed the growth of Japan’s per capita income,causing it to lose the lasting power to improve income distribution.Drawing on Japan’s experience and lessons,China should improve the quality of manufacturing development on the basis of maintaining medium-to-high-speed economic growth,increase the share of labor income,comprehensively optimize the three distribution systems,and properly handle risks such as aging,uneven distribution of wealth,and changes in the digital industry,and opportunities to accelerate the promotion of common prosperity.

关 键 词：日本 收入差距 分配制度 共同富裕 

分 类 号：F12[经济管理—世界经济]