洞庭湖区典型稻田玉米水稻轮作下土壤—作物系统对施氮措施的响应  

Response of Soil-Crop System to Different Nitrogen Fertilization Practices Under Maize and Rice Cropping System in the Paddy Soil of Dongting Lake Plain

作　　者：房康睿 龙世平[2] 彭斯文[2] 陈山[2] 廖育林[2] 徐新朋[1] 赵士诚[1] 仇少君[1] 何萍[1] 周卫[1] FANG KangRui;LONG ShiPing;PENG SiWen;CHEN Shan;LIAO YuLin;XU XinPeng;ZHAO ShiCheng;QIU ShaoJun;HE Ping;ZHOU Wei(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100081;Hunan Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changsha 410125)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京100081 [2]湖南省农业科学院,长沙410125

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第10期1979-1994,共16页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：农田智慧施肥项目(05);中国农业科学院创新工程(CAAS-CSAL-202302);湖南省重点研发项目(2021NK2029)。

摘　　要：【目的】双季稻田水旱轮作后能够提高作物产能降低土壤有机质含量,但水旱轮作后化肥氮素配施不同有机物料对作物产量、氮素利用效率及有机质含量影响的报道较少。【方法】以玉米水稻轮作为研究对象,于2015—2021年在洞庭湖区紫潮泥和红黄泥两种双季稻田上设置不施氮肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、NPK+秸秆还田(NPKS)、NPK+有机肥(NPKM)、NPK+生物炭(NPKB)5种处理,探讨在两种土壤上不同施肥处理的作物产量、养分利用效率和土壤碳氮含量及平衡的变化。【结果】紫潮泥和红黄泥6年试验的平均玉米产量、水稻产量和年总产量分别为5.7、7.3和12.9 t·hm^(-2),三者在紫潮泥中的产量都略高于红黄泥,但差异都不显著。与NPK处理相比,NPKM处理使两种土壤的玉米和水稻平均产量分别显著(P<0.05)提高10.6%、4.20%。在所有处理中,NPKM处理玉米产量最高,为6.0 t·hm^(-2);NPKB处理水稻产量最高,为7.5 t·hm^(-2)。NPKM和NPKB处理的6年平均年总产量分别显著(P<0.05)高于其他处理,但NPKM和NPKB处理间差异不显著。与其他处理相比,NPKM处理显著(P<0.05)提高了玉米水稻的化肥氮素回收率、农学效率和偏生产力,玉米季6年平均值分别为66.3%、39.5 kg·kg^(-1)、56.0 kg·kg^(-1),水稻季6年平均值分别为53.8%,21.9 kg·kg^(-1)、68.6 kg·kg^(-1)。NPKB处理较NPK、NPKS显著(P<0.05)提高了玉米水稻的化肥氮素农学效率和偏生产力,较NPK处理显著(P<0.05)提高了玉米化肥氮素回收率。两种土壤有机碳、全氮含量从第4年(2019年)开始显著下降。与试验开始前(2015年)相比,2021年紫潮泥和红黄泥施氮处理年平均有机碳含量分别下降了1.8、0.7 g·kg^(-1),全氮含量分别下降0.4、0.1 g·kg^(-1);两种土壤NPKM处理的土壤有机碳平均含量下降幅度最小、NPKB处理次之。NPKM处理的碳、氮投入量最高,平均土壤有机碳、全氮损失量最小,分别为0.48 t C·hm^(-2)·a^(【Objective】Crop yield increases and soil organic matter decreases when double rice cropping system shifted to wet and dry rotation cropping system,but little information is known that the effects of chemical fertilizer nitrogen combined with different organic materials on crop yield,nitrogen use efficiencies and organic matter content under the wet and dry cropping system.【Method】The maize and rice rotation was regarded as object,five treatments were set up,including no nitrogen fertilizer applied(CK),only chemical fertilizer applied(NPK),NPK plus straw return(NPKS),NPK plus manure(NPKM)and NPK plus biochar(NPKB)in purple clayey soil and reddish clayey soil in Dongting lake plain from 2015 to 2021.The changes of yield,nutrient use efficiency,soil carbon and nitrogen content as well as carbon and nitrogen balance under different fertilization treatments were explored.【Result】The average maize yield,rice yield and total annual yield in the six-year in purple clayey soil and reddish clayey soil were 5.7,7.3 and 12.9 t·hm^(-2),respectively.Moreover,the three yields above in purple clayey soil were slightly higher than that reddish clayey soil,though the differences in both soils were not significant.Compared with the NPK treatment,NPKM treatment significantly(P<0.05)increased the average yields in maize season or rice season in the two soils(P<0.05)by 10.6%and 4.20%,respectively.Among all the treatments,NPKM treatment had the maximum yield in the maize season,and the value was 6.0 t·hm^(-2);and NPKB treatment had the maximum yield in the rice season,and the value was 7.5 t·hm^(-2).The six-year average annual total yield under NPKM and NPKB treatments was significantly higher(P<0.05)than that under other treatments,respectively,but the difference between NPKM and NPKB treatments was not significant.Compared with the other treatments,NPKM treatment significantly(P<0.05)improved the chemical fertilizer nitrogen recovery efficiency,agronomic efficiency and partial productivity in maize,rice,the six-year av

关 键 词：玉米水稻轮作 产量 施肥措施 土壤类型 氮肥利用效率 土壤碳氮 

分 类 号：S154.4[农业科学—土壤学] S511[农业科学—农业基础科学] S513