优化管理对小麦-玉米轮作系统植株干物质积累、转运与产量的影响  

Effects of Optimized Managements on Accumulation and Translocation of Dry Matter and Crop Yield in Wheat-Maize Rotation System

作　　者：曹议丹 钱麟君 霍俊豪 邹晓霞 Cao Yidan;Qian Linjun;Huo Junhao;Zou Xiaoxia(College of Agronomy,Qingdao Agricultural University/Shandong Key Laboratory of Dry Farming Techniques,Qingdao 266109,China)

机构地区：[1]青岛农业大学农学院/山东省旱作农业技术重点实验室,山东青岛266109

出　　处：《山东农业科学》2024年第5期59-68,F0002,共11页Shandong Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目“协同增效氮磷淋失阻控综合技术模式研发与应用”(2017YFD0800605);青岛农业大学研究生创新计划项目(QNYCX22012)。

摘　　要：针对小麦-玉米轮作种植系统中因秸秆处理不当、肥料施用不合理造成的农田土壤退化、作物减产等问题,本研究设置6种水肥结合秸秆优化管理模式,探究其对小麦、玉米干物质积累、转运和产量的影响,以期为改善小麦-玉米轮作系统田间管理提供科学依据。试验以农民常规管理模式(漫灌+常规施肥+秸秆还田)为对照(CK),设两种水肥优化方案———滴灌+增效复混肥+稳定尿素(水肥优化Ⅰ,SS)、水肥一体+增效复混肥(水肥优化Ⅱ,SF),每种水肥优化方案下设3种秸秆处理方式———秸秆还田、秸秆还田+腐解剂(D)、秸秆不还田+秸秆炭(C),共组合为6个处理,分别标记为SS、SSD、SSC、SF、SFD和SFC。研究发现,SSC处理可有效提升玉米干物质积累和转运,花前干物质转运量、转运效率和花前干物质对籽粒的贡献率较CK分别显著提高56.6%、7.14个百分点和10.93个百分点;SS处理下小麦干物质积累量最高,其花后干物质积累量较其他处理显著增加23.2%(SSD)~115.1%(SF);SFD处理可有效促进干物质转运,其花前干物质转运效率、对籽粒的贡献率分别较CK显著提高3.04个百分点和7.08个百分点。SSC、SFD处理的玉米、小麦产量均显著高于其他处理,分别较CK显著提升21.8%、16.2%(SSC)和14.2%、23.6%(SFD)。综上,各优化措施处理中,SSC和SFD模式均能有效提升植株干物质积累并协调其向籽粒转运,提高成熟期籽粒干物质分配比例,提升小麦-玉米轮作系统下作物产量,可在生产中推广应用。Aimed at the problems of soil degradation and crop yield reduction caused by improper straw treatment and unreasonable fertilizer application in wheat-maize rotation system,six optimized management models of water,fertilizer and straw were set,and their effects on dry matter accumulation,translocation and yield of wheat and maize were investigated,hoping to provide a scientific basis for the improvement of field management in wheat-maize rotation system.The farmers’conventional management model(flooding irrigation+conventional fertilization+straw returning)was treated as control(CK).Two water and fertilizer optimal methods including drip irrigation+synergistic compound fertilizer+stable urea(water and fertilizer optimiza-tionⅠ,SS)and integrated water and fertilizer+synergistic compound fertilizer(water and fertilizer optimiza-tionⅡ,SF)were set,and three straw treatments were taken under each method as straw returning,straw re-turning+decomposing agent(D),and no straw returning+straw biochar(C),which formed six treatments and were marked as SS,SSD,SSC,SF,SFD and SFC,respectively.The results showed that SSC treatment effectively improved the dry matter accumulation and translocation of maize.Compared with CK,the pre-flow-ering dry matter transshipment volume,translocation efficiency and the contribution rate of pre-flowering dry matter to grain were significantly increased by 56.6%,7.14 percentage points and 10.93 percentage points,re-spectively.The dry matter accumulation of wheat was the highest in SS treatment,which was significantly in-creased by 23.2%(SSD)~115.1%(SF)compared with the other treatments.SFD treatment effectively pro-moted dry matter translocation with the dry matter translocation efficiency and the contribution rate of pre-flow-ering translocation to grain significantly increased by 3.04 and 7.08 percentage points compared with CK,re-spectively.The yield of both maize and wheat under SSC and SFD treatments were significantly higher than those of other treatments,and increased by 21.8%and 16

关 键 词：水肥优化 秸秆还田 小麦-玉米轮作系统 干物质积累 干物质转运 作物产量 

分 类 号：S512.101[农业科学—作物学] S513.01