基于5种风险评估方法评估汽车制造业喷漆和焊接岗位中化学有害因素的职业健康风险  

Occupational health risk of chemical harmful factors in painting and welding positions in automobile manufacturing industry based on 5 risk assessment methods

作　　者：王思华 王彭彭[2] 李宏斌 闫青洁 张丹华 曾东 周舫[2] 吴迪 WANG Sihua;WANG Pengpeng;LI Hongbin;YAN Qingjie;ZHANG Danhua;ZENG Dong;ZHOU Fang;WU Di(Department of Occupational Health,the Third People′s Hospital of Henan Province(Henan Hospital for Occupational Diseases),Zhengzhou 450052;Department of Labor Health and Environmental Health,College of Public Health,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450001;Department of Occupational Health,Xingyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Zhengzhou 450100)

机构地区：[1]河南省第三人民医院(河南省职业病医院)劳动卫生科,郑州450052 [2]郑州大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学教研室,郑州450001 [3]荥阳市疾病预防控制中心职业卫生科,郑州450100

出　　处：《郑州大学学报（医学版）》2024年第3期409-414,共6页Journal of Zhengzhou University(Medical Sciences)

基　　金：河南省医学科技攻关计划联合共建项目(LHGJ20220256)。

摘　　要：目的:采用5种风险评估方法对汽车制造业重点岗位的化学有害因素进行职业健康风险评估,优化汽车制造业职业健康风险评估方案。方法:选取2022年河南省某3家汽车制造企业喷漆岗位(产生苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)和焊接岗位(产生锰及其无机化合物)为研究对象,运用接触比值法、半定量综合指数法、国际采矿与金属委员会(ICMM)赋值定量法、定量非致癌风险评估法和风险指数评估法进行喷漆和焊接等岗位的健康风险评估,并比较风险评估的结果。结果:企业2喷漆岗位二甲苯时间加权平均浓度最大值超过职业接触限值(OEL)时间加权平均容许浓度,企业3喷漆岗位乙苯和二甲苯的短时间接触浓度(C STEL)最大值超过OEL短时间接触容许浓度。3家企业的苯和甲苯浓度均低于OEL。接触比值法评估的有害因素风险等级为1~5级,半定量综合指数法评估的为2~3级,ICMM赋值定量法评估的为1~3级,定量非致癌风险评估法评估的为1~5级,风险指数评估法评估的为1~5级。半定量综合指数法、定量非致癌风险评估法和风险指数法评估的风险等级高于或等于接触比值法和ICMM赋值定量法。对于二甲苯超标的岗位,5种方法进行风险评估的风险等级均高于或等于不超标的岗位,且接触比值法和定量非致癌风险评估法评估的风险等级高于其他方法。定量非致癌风险评估法评估3家企业的锰及其无机化合物的风险等级均为5级,高于其他4种方法。结论:接触比值法、半定量综合指数法、ICMM赋值定量法、定量非致癌风险评估法和风险指数评估法各有优缺点,必要时多种方法联合应用更能客观评估汽车制造业化学有害因素的职业健康风险。Aim:To assess the occupational health risk of the chemical harmful factors of key positions in automobile manufacturing enterprise by 5 risk assessment methods,and optimize the occupational health risk assessment scheme of automobile manufacturing industry.Methods:The painting posts(producing benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene and xylene)and the welding posts(producing manganese and its inorganic compounds)in 3 automobile manufacturing enterprises in Henan Province in 2022 were selected as the research object.The painting and welding health risk was assessed and compared using the contact ratio method,semi-quantitative composite index method,the international mining and metal commission(ICMM)assignment quantitative method,quantitative non-carcinogenic risk assessment and risk index assessment method.Results:The maximum value of time-weighted average concentration of xylene in the painting post in enterprise 2 exceeded the occupational exposure limit(OEL)time-weighted exposure concentration.The maximum value of the short time exposure concentration of ethylbenzene and xylene in the painting positions of enterprise 3 exceeded the OEL short-time allowable concentration.Three enterprises had lower benzene and toluene concentrations than OEL.The risk level of harmful factors assessed by contact ratio method was grade 1 to 5,which was grade 2 to 3 by semi-quantitative composite index method,grade 1 to 3 by ICMM assignment quantitative method,grade 1 to 5 by quantitative non-carcinogenic risk assessment method,grade 1 to 5 by risk index assessment method.The risk levels assessed by the semi-quantitative composite index method,the quantitative non-carcinogenic risk assessment method,and the risk index method were higher than or equal to that of the contact ratio method and the ICMM assignment quantitative method.For postions with xylene exceeding the standard,the risk level assessed by the 5 methods was higher than or equal to that of positions whose risk level did not exceed the standard,and the risk level assessed by contact

关 键 词：风险评估 汽车制造业 接触比值法 半定量综合指数法 ICMM赋值定量法 定量非致癌风险评估法 风险指数评估法 

分 类 号：R134[医药卫生—劳动卫生]