现代汉语中的施动受动问题  

Operative and Receptive Clauses in Modern Chinese

作　　者：王勇 Wang Yong

机构地区：[1]中山大学外国语学院,广州510275

出　　处：《中山大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期49-60,共12页Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：传统语言学中的语态主要指通过形态变化表示的动词语法范畴,并将施事、受事等语义角色和主语、宾语等句法功能相联系讨论主动被动问题,这样的描述主要适合于有形态变化且属主宾语格局的语言。功能语言学不拘泥于动词的形态,将主动被动看作小句层面的特征,并用施动句(operative clause)、受动句(receptive clause)取代主动句、被动句的概念。施动句受动句可以看成选择不同参与者角色实现话题突出的资源。在此视角之下,结合类型学的研究成果,汉语中的施动句受动句可以看作一个连续统,二者之间在施事话题—受事话题、动态—静态、施动—受动、参与者数目等方面表现出连续渐变的特征。连续统依次是:及物小句(茶馆掌柜拦住了大家)、不及物句(I)(客人哭了)、不及物句(II)(奇迹出现了)、“受事主语句”(书还了)、“长被动句”(门被小偷撬开了)、“短被动句”(门被撬开了)。这样的框架提供了描述受动句范围的新视角,汉语受动句中的一些特殊现象都可以在此框架下讨论。In traditional grammar,voice refers to the grammatical category that is expressed via the morphology of the verb,and via the assignment of the grammatical functions of subject and object to the participant roles of agent and patient.Such description mainly applies to accusative languages.Functional grammar employs the terms operative and receptive clauses to treat voice as a feature of the clause(rather than the verb),which offer a resource for choosing different participant roles to realize topical prominence.From this perspective,operative and receptive clauses can be seen as forming a continuum,with reference to four typological parameters,i.e.,agent as topic vs.patient as topic,dynamic vs.static,agency vs.affectedness,and number of participant roles.Thus,the transitive clause(茶馆掌柜拦住了大家‘the owner of the teahouse stopped everybody’),the intransitive clause(I)(客人哭了‘the guest cried’),the intransitive clause(II)(奇迹出现了‘a miracle appeared’),the clause with patient as subject(书还了‘the book was returned’),the long passive(门被小偷撬开了‘the door was prised open by the thief’),and the short passive(门被撬开了‘the door was prised open’),can all be located along the continuum in turn.This is a different approach to the problem of passive voice in Chinese,which may shed new light on a number of related issues.

关 键 词：施动 受动 施事 受事 话题 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]